Candidate of pedagogical sciences
Plotnikova O.V., Sukhanova V.K.
Far eastern federal
university, Russia
Method of
the projects as a means of implementing a competence approach in education
At the
present time in the most different areas of acute shortage of well-educated and
energetic professionals with versatile fresh knowledge and ability to find
quick and effective solutions to the various problems arising in the process of
professional activity. Therefore, the constant updating the content of education,
taking into account the achievements of modern science and the main trends of
the development of society, improvement of its methodological and methodical
basis are the most important objectives of the educational activities.
The
processes occurring in the Russian education system, aimed at its integration
into the world educational space, which should contribute to improving the
competitiveness of the graduates of Russian universities in the labour market.
In the foreground are the qualities of future specialists as:
- the
ability to be good at taking place processes;
-
ability to adapt quickly to changing conditions of professional activity;
-
ability to work in a team, communicate with other members of the working group;
-
ability to take independent decisions and objectively evaluate the results
achieved;
-
competence in the sphere of methodology of cognitive activity, based on the
possession of the methods of acquisition of knowledge from a variety of sources
of information;
-
competence in their professional sphere, based on deep knowledge and ownership
of the modern methods of research and quality control, used in the field of
activity.
The
basis for the formation of these qualities must be programmed in the
university, so that in the process of further development of the graduate, as a
specialist, in their development and strengthening. To solve this task it is
necessary to widely use in the educational process of innovative methods of
teaching. In Russia for many decades was mainly verbal method of presentation
of new material: the teacher reads a lecture to the students messenger. But for
activation of thinking activity should use different channels to get
information, so there is a need to develop a system of modern forms and methods
of training. This and the introduction of information technologies, enabling
optimal structuring of the training material and to identify the relationship
between the individual units (modules), raising its visibility and consistency,
contributing to formation of skills of independent search of new information,
giving the opportunity to promptly deliver training, self-control or the
control of knowledge. This expansion of the forms of independent work of
students, strengthening its operational component. This and the development of
methods of forming the system of methodological knowledge and skills needed in
any professional activity. It is, finally, the strengthening of the
professional orientation of training, the practical components, the use in the
educational process such forms of work of the students, as a presentation of
the applied aspects of academic disciplines, individual topics, practical
tasks, implementation and protection of professionally oriented laboratory
works, works with the elements of scientific research performed by creative
groups of students, etc.
Many of
these problems can be successfully solved on the basis of use in the process of
teaching the method of projects. The advantages of the method of projects and
methodical questions of its realization is currently widely discussed in the
pedagogical literature. Undoubtedly, he was responsible компетентностному approach in education and
allows you to most effectively solve the task of forming the basic professional
and social competences of graduates of the university. The implementation of
this method presupposes a complex solution of the tasks mentioned above. First
of all, this method is oriented to the independent activity of the students in
defining the goals and objectives of the particular stage of its planning, the
search for sources of information, systematization of knowledge, the
establishment of cause-and-effect relationships, prediction of the results of
[1]. The project activity involves working in a group and contributes to the
development of communicative skills in professional activities. Finally, the
main feature of the method of projects consists in the fact that it is aimed at
the result, obtained by solving a concrete theoretically or practically
important problems [2]. And this result should be meaningful to the student and
in the professional and a personal level, should raise his self-esteem.
Therefore it is very important topics of training projects. The problems
proposed by the students as the basis of a project should be up-to-date and
relevant, professionally oriented and interesting.
In
determining the scope of projects proposed in the framework of a particular
academic discipline, it is important task of setting goals, arising from the
necessity of the formation of professional competences, overlay them on the
object of study of this discipline, the selection is necessary for their
achievement of maintenance of discipline. Take such a discipline as physics.
What are the targets set in the preparation of, for example, the food production
technologist, which should be taken into account in the process of teaching of
this discipline? It must be knowledge of the peculiarities of the various
substances, organoleptic characteristics of the raw materials and finished
products, their optimal values, ways of measuring them, and the optimal modes
of production and storage, the essence of physical processes, occurring at
different ways of processing of the products. Proceeding from this, it can be
offered as educational projects in the course of physics for engineers, for
example, such as:
-
Systematization of optical methods of quality control of food products and
comparative characteristics of their effectiveness;
-
Construction of system of electrophysical characteristics food raw materials
and the analysis of methods of their measurement;
- Study
of peculiarities of traditional and shock freezing of food products,
development of recommendations on application;
- The
study of the physical processes occurring during storage of honey, development
of the system of physical characteristics, quality and methods of their
measurement and recommendations on the choice of quality products and storage.
The
implementation of such projects presupposes the need for the integrated
knowledge and skills, received not only in the different sections of physics
course, but also in other academic disciplines, as well as additional knowledge
from many fields of science, engineering, technology, creative activity. Work
on the project is carefully planned to be a teacher, but in realization of the
project the central role goes to the student. The teacher acts as a consultant,
helping in the organization of work, participates in the debriefing and
analysis of the results. The only way to achieve a positive effect in the
formation of students'ability to construct their knowledge in the right
direction, to orient in the information space, critically evaluate what has
been achieved, responsible for his area of work and demand the same from
others.
Literature:
1.
Guzeev V.V.Planning of educational outcomes and educational technology. M.:
Public education. - 2001. - 240 p.
2. New
pedagogical and information technologies in the system of education / Under ed.
Е.S.Pоlаt. - M.: The
Academy. - 2002. – 272 p.