Working out and realization possibilities resource saving up
technologies, processing of straw for
manufacture of biological fuel (a fuel briquette) in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Kunelbayev M. M,
Auelbekov O. A, Kataev N.S., Dzhumadilaev S.A.
The Kazakh state
women pedagogical university
Republic Kazakhstan,
Almatymurat7508@rambler.ru
Photosynthesis
of green plants allows accumulating the energy received from sun rays, in
organic substance which is synthesized from carbonic gas, water and some
"biogenic" elements of soil. Annually on the Earth photosynthesis
forms about 120 billion ò dry organic substance that is energetically
equivalent 40ìlr. ò oil (more than in 10
times exceeds world level of its consumption). The chemical energy reserved by
plants, can be used in industrial power. As a whole the biomass gives the
seventh part of fuel consumed in the world. The energy received from a biomass,
in 4 times surpasses total energy of the atomic power station of the world.
Most actively there is a process of photosynthesis of organic substance, in
seaweed especially to the smallest - a phytoplankton. Efficiency of formation
of organic substance in seaweed reaches 5 kg on square meter of a sea surface a
year that in 2-5 times exceeds efficiency of wood. Sea waves cast ashore
seaweed which are used as fertilizer and fuel. The dying off phytoplankton
(saprobe) leads and to bogging of lakes and water basins. Technologies of
extraction, drying, burning of seaweed and saprobe are developed, however have
while no industrial application in power.
In Russia, especially in southern areas, straw, a cane is
long since used as fuel. After îáìîëîòà stalks and ears of
corn, sunflower burn for grain drying. After harvesting the rests of cultures
can serve as fuel.
In the strategic program of
development of economy of Republic Kazakhstan the important place is given íàíî - and to biotechnologies. In
offered work of manufacture of befoul from a waste of the agricultural
production, developed we, just also combine these possibilities.
The PROBLEM of full use of an agricultural waste
and their transfer in useful products remains to one of the major in agrarian
and industrial complex. Projects "Green chemistry", despite world
crisis, are objects of intensive investments into the USA and in the countries
of Europe, and also in Japan, India, China, Malaysia. In the USA the Strategic
program on transfer by 2025 of a quarter of the chemical industry on vegetative
raw materials that can transform rural economy to highly profitable business,
for example, operates. For 20 years in the USA only budgetary financing on
"net energy" will reach 150 billion dollars. It will create
preconditions for increase in volumes of cellulose ethanol to huge figure - in
200 billion liters a year. The same strategic problem on increase in
manufacture of ethanol not at the expense of food raw materials, and at the
expense of a waste of wood, straw, stalks of corn, the whole "power"
plants solve and in other countries of the world. It not only will eliminate a
competition to food raw materials, but, on the contrary, will promote increase
in volumes of foodstuff.
For Republic of Kazakhstan reception of biofuel
from vegetative raw materials is possible in a complex with manufacture of
fodder products. Wood and agricultural cellulose becomes the basic substratum
for many biotechnological processes. At wheat cultivation, for example, straw
it turns out in 2 times more than grains. And for 50 percent straw consists of
cellulose, 23 percent ãåìèöåëëþëîçû and for 27
percent from ëèãíèíà. The big
"sugar" molecules of cellulose and ãåìèöåëëþëîçû
can be used for bioethanol and biogasoline manufacture, and ëèãíèí can serve as fuel. But to translate cellulose in the reactionary
form, it is necessary to separate ëèãíèí
- a difficult task.
It is known technology of Novosibirsk chemists
to which managed to transform 97 percent of cellulose in simple sugar. The
product received thus, became a basis for manufacture of biogasoline and fodder additives. Even at
increase in power consumption at processing of straw manufacture of ethanol
from straw will cost in 2 times more cheaply cost of spirit from grain. And
incomes of agricultural productions and farms of straw sale will make in
addition 20 percent to cost of the realized grain. And smoky fires on fields
when fire destroys useful soil microorganisms and environment becomes soiled,
any more will not be. And new workplaces in countryside will be created and
incomes of local budgets will grow.
In
the countries of the European Union the share of energy of a biomass from the
general manufacture ÍÂÈÝ makes 55 %. Most effectively energy of a
biomass is used in Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Denmark, Italy. The
general resources of a biomass in the Western Europe (in million ò dry weight
for a year) make: wood and a wood waste - 150, an agricultural waste - 250,
city garbage - 75, a biomass which is grown up specially on power plantations -
250 million ò.
The problem put
by the President of Republic Kazakhstan in connection with preparation for
occurrence of republic in the WTO-necessity of modernization; to the Law «About
power savings» where the special is taken away to measures on involving in a
power balance of renewed energy sources (ÂÈÝ); to the Kyoto
international report on pure development of 1998; to the Johannesburg world
summit of 2002 which dictate to lower emissions in atmosphere of products of
combustion òîïëèâ.
The estimation of total of
straw for Republic Kazakhstan can be received by means of agricultural
statistics. For definition of an energy potential of straw the received value
should be reduced by the size used for a forage of cattle and a laying. Such
consumption of straw appreciably depends on conditions of the maintenance of
cattle. In Denmark average surplus of straw is estimated in 59 % from which 1/5
part is already used (basically for heat manufacture). If the quantity of straw
cannot be defined under the statistical data, it is possible to use statistics
for grain yield ÐÊ. There are rough estimations of the relation of
quantity of grain and quantity of straw corresponding to it. In the Czech
Republic following relations of quantity of straw and grain are accepted:
Wheat - 1,3
tons of straw/ton of grain;
Barley - 0,8
tons of straw/ton of grain;
Rye - 1,4
tons of straw/ton of grain;
Oats - 1,1
tons of straw/ton of grain.
Rough estimates also can be made on the basis of the area of
the earths and productivity of straw from 4 to 7 tons/hectares depending on
type of soil, weather conditions and type of grain culture.
Technology offered by us drying and crushing processes is
executed in one installation, in existing technologies the given processes are
carried out separately. Working out causes installations, research of
hydrodynamics and êèíåòèêè drying and crushing processes, technological
modes of processing of straw and other questions which intensifies
technological processes. Difference of ours of technology combination of
processes of drying and rough and thin crushing in one installation for the
first time is considered.
Priority development in Kazakhstan is demanded by technology
of direct burning of wood, first of all for manufacture of warmth and
technological steam. It ñâÿçàííî with enough low price for the electric power
which exists in Kazakhstan and at the same time - enough high price for fuel
and thermal energy. Introduction of manpower stations and mini-Te Ts, burning a
firm biomass (wood, straw, ëóçãó), will be profitable in
case of a considerable rise in prices for the electric power or in case of
subsidizing. Reception of warmth from a biomass is economically profitable
already now, even in case of use of the import equipment. Kazakhstan also
possesses sufficient technical potential to begin own manufacture and coppers.
Technologies of burning of straw also are very perspective
for Kazakhstan. But the wide circulation of these technologies demands the
decision of some question of the organization of gathering, pressing of bales,
transportation and straw storage. First of all, the best prospects for
introduction at the agricultural enterprises have farmer coppers and coppers
for small heating systems capacity 0,1-1 ÌÂò. After demonstration of
advantages of these coppers, large stations TST also have good possibilities
for commercialization.
Popularity of briquettes as "house" fuel is caused
by that such heat is perceived as more pleasant, than warmly, received of coal,
easy black oil or natural gas. Demand for fuel granules and briquettes in the
countries of Europe constantly high also is not present preconditions to saturation,
and the prices for them grow. The briquettes executed by a method of pressing,
are more preferable at buyers in comparison with simple pressing.
Hydro
carbonic raw materials in Northern areas of Republic Kazakhstan to create
independent fuel and energy complexes of local scale on the basis of a waste ðàñòåíèåâîä÷åñêîé production.
Bio power resources ÐÊ allow makes export of fuel briquettes.
The literature
1.
Æàìàëîâ
A.Zh. Solar power. The brochure. Almaty.
" Kazakhstan".-1997.-s.87.
2.
Æàìàëîâ
A.Zh. Sunshine of installation of solar collectors «the Bulletin of an
agricultural science of Kazakhstan, ¹3. Ñ.144-147. 1999.
3.
Zhamalov A.Z., Umbetov E.S., Kunelbayev M.M.
System of a solar heat supply. Almaty. 2010.