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HORDEUM LEPOZINUM VAR. SIMULANS NEW TEST - OBJECT FOR AN ESTIMATION OF MUTAGENETY
OF HEAVY METALS IN AN ENVIRONMENT
Baiseitova N.M., Madibekova G.M., Aitbaeva Z.B., Omarova
A.T.
(International Kazakh-Turkish
university named after H.A.Yassawi, Kazakhstan Republic)
In
the present time the human influence on an environment surpasses the abilities
of a nature to auto-recovery. The migrated wastes of not completely proceeding
technological processes are especially dangerous: gas wastes (emissions),
sewage of the industrial enterprises containing toxic compounds and swallowing
into soil and reservoirs [1]. Largest polluters of an environment in the
South-Kazakhstan area are concentrated in Shymkent city. Among them the
Joint-Stock Company of Industrial Corporation "Juzhpolymetal",
located on territory of city, have essential influence on pollution of an
environment, and difficult ecological conditions in area of leaden plant was
developing for many years. According to the data of statistics the Joint-Stock
Company of Industrial Corporation "Juzhpolymetal" annually throws out
into environment cancergenetic substances [2]. The purpose of the given work is to
study laws of distribution and contents of heavy metals in plants and influence
of them on the genetic device of plants.
The
following tasks were put:
1. To define the contents of heavy
metals in grassy plants distributed in territory of the Shymkent city.
2. To investigate influence of heavy
metals on caryotype of a plant Hordeum lepozinum var.Simulans.
Materials and methods
For
research the following methods are used: atom-adsorption method [3] definition of the contents of the heavy metalls
in plants, namely concentration of Pb, Cd, Zn. Cytogenetic method of research
of heavy metalls influence on chromosomal number of plants. The correlation
analysis of dependence of heavy metalls biological effects from intensity of
pollution of an environment have been
carried out [4].
For
an estimation of distribution of the heavy metals in plants of Symkent city 4
items of research were chosen. The item ¹1 is located in 200-300 m from
Joint-Stock Company IC "Juzhpolymetal". The item ¹3 is located on
distance of 4 km in a northeast direction of city, that is located at the city
centre. From the listed items of plants, as Plantago Lanceolata, Poa protensis
and Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans was selected. For cytogenetic research of
chromosomes was chosen the Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans.
Results of research
The
data on the contents of heavy metals in plants are submitted in the table
¹2. From the table is visible, that the Hordeum leporinum var.
Simulans accumulates the Lead in a high degree, its contents in item of
research ¹1 made up 42,14 mê/kg, that
exceeds the control index in 21 times, exceeds the Extreme admitted concentration
(EAC) in 8 times. At Plantago Lanceolata the Lead contents makes up 31,07
mg/kg, that exceeds a control parameter in 15 times, and EAC in 6 times. The
Lead contents in Poa protensis makes up 57,14 mg/kg, that in comparison with
control item exceeds a control parameter in 14 times. The analysis of results
of definition of the contents of zinc at investigated kinds of plants also has
shown their various accumulating ability. The maximal contents of zinc in
plants were marked in item of research ¹1, at Poa protensis it makes up 48,57
mg/kg, that exceeds the EAC in 1,6 times, and exceeds the control parameter in
12 times. At Plantago Lanceolata and Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans the
contents of zinc does not exceed EAC, but is much higher in comparison with a
parameter of control item. In the whole the contents of Cd in all plants much
above than extreme allowable concentration.
Table 2 - Contents of the heavy metals in
plants (mg/kg)
|
The name of Plants |
Items of research |
|||||||||||
|
Item ¹1 |
Item ¹2 |
Item ¹3 |
Item ¹4 |
|||||||||
|
Pb |
Zn |
Cd |
Pb |
Zn |
Cd |
Pb |
Zn |
Cd |
Pb |
Zn |
Cd |
|
|
Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans |
42,14±2,70 |
16,734±1,82 |
1,98±0,65 |
18,83 ±1,34 |
3,61±0,96 |
0,57 ±0,28 |
4,19 ±1,24 |
2,84 ±0,76 |
0,23±0,08 |
2,55 ±0,85 |
1,18±0,04 |
- |
|
Plantago Lanceolata |
31,07±2,53 |
22,64 ±1,62 |
4,41±1,2 |
7,30±1,57 |
2,69±0,88 |
0,69 ±0,2 |
3,69 ±1,20 |
1,25 ±0,56 |
0,15+0,08 |
2,40 ±0,77 |
4,85±0,12 |
- |
|
Poa protensis |
57,14±0,15 |
48,57 ±2,82 |
2,84±0,90 |
14,40 ±1,68 |
13,35±1,72 |
0,49 ±0,1 |
6,96 ±1,05 |
5,23 ±1,83 |
0,12±0,04 |
4,0 ±1,05 |
4,62±0,37 |
- |
EAC: Pb-5 mg/kg;
Zn-30 mg/kg; Cd-0,3 mg/kg.
In our researches the estimation of mutagene activity
of complex influence of the heavy metals on natural population of a plant
Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans have been carried out. Studying the caryotype
we was defining a level of the cytogenetic infringements in cells of seeds
Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans, which are growing in industrial area IC
Joint-Stock Company "Juzhpolymetal". Have established that diploide
number of chromosomes 2n=42. Caryotype of this plant was investigated by
methophase method of definition of chromosomes number.
The
data on frequency cytogenetic infringements in cells Hordeum leporinum var.
Simulans are submitted in the table ¹3.
Table 3 - Frequency of the aneuploide cells
Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans
|
Place of the
harvest of plants |
Number of analyzed methaphases |
Giploide cells |
Giperploide cells |
In total: the aneuploide
cells |
|||
|
Absolute number |
% ± m |
Absolute number |
% ± m |
Absolute number |
% ± m |
||
|
Item ¹1 (Joint-stock company IC "Juzhpolymetall" area) |
308 |
19 |
6,2±1,22 |
6 |
1,9±0,32 |
25 |
8,1 ±1,51 |
|
Item
¹2 (control item) |
312 |
7 |
2,2±0,94 |
3 |
0,96±0,57 |
10 |
3,2 ±0,83 |
The analysis of
the obtained data testifies about authentic excess of genome mutations in cells
of a plant. At study of caryotype the change of chromosomes number
(aneuploidia) was determined. The
obtained results testify that in plants, growing in area of Joint-Stock company
IC "Juzhpolymetall", the increased frequency of aneuploide cells is
observed. Total quantity of cells in item of research ¹1 made up 8,1 1,51%, and in control item made up 3,2 0,83%. Among them the frequency of giploide
cells makes up 6,2 1,22%, and in control item makes up 2,2 0,94%, and frequency of giperploide cells
makes up 1,9 0,82%, and in control item
makes up 0,96 0,57%. The carried out correlation analysis between the contents
of heavy metals in Hordeum leporinum var. Simulans and number of aneuploide
cells has shown the high meaning of correlation coefficient r=0,92.
Thus, the
carried out researches have shown, that in seeds cells of a plant Hordeum
leporinum var. Simulan, growing in the polluted by heavy metals salts area, is
observed the authentic increasing of frequency of genome mutations -
aneuploidiya in comparison with control item of research.
The salts of heavy metals in cells of
plants cause the infringement of chromosomes number, and also influence on
their structure. The modern problems of protection of plants and animals
genefund are connected to action of natural and technogene factors. As a result
of economic activity of the man there are new factors, which will not carry out
the complete loss of genefund, but will
cause the change (mutation) in the hereditary device. Basically the
hereditary variability is the vital property of all representatives of the
organic world, including at plants, the mutations can result in loss of kind
qualities, in decrease of productivity and reproduction ability.
The conclusion
1.
The territory of Shymkent city is considerably polluted by heavy metals, and
the increased concentration of Lead, zinc and Cd in area of Joint-Stock Company
of the Industrial Corporation "Juzhpolymetal" was established.
2.
By results of carried out cytogenetic researches is established, that the
frequency of general genome mutations in seeds cells of a plant Hordeum
leporinum var. Simulan exceeds the control indication in 2,6 times. The
frequency of the aneuploide cells in industrial area made up 8,1+1,5 %, and in
control item made up 3,2+0,83 %. Probably, an opportunity of genetic risk for
biota and man exists.
3.
On a basis correlation analysis the presence of positive bond between the
contents of heavy metals in plants and frequency of genome mutations (r=0.92)
have been established.
The
protection of plants genefund, which are a component of a problem of protection
of a nature, represents a complex of measures on preservation of all kind
variety of plants - carriers of hereditary property of productive or valuable
in the scientific and practical relation of properties.
It
is known, that under influence of natural selection and by means of sexual
duplication of species in genefund of each species or the populations the most useful properties for species was collected, they was made in gene
combinations. Therefore tasks of use of the natural flora have huge meaning.
Ours modern grain, technical and decorative cultures, the origin centers
of which were established by the
scientists, keep the genealogical line
or from wild ancestors, or are creations of a science, but on the basis of
natural gene structures. By means of use of hereditary properties of
wild-growing plants the absolutely new kinds of useful plants had been
received.
At
the same time to the beginning of ÕÕ² century the 10-20 thousand kinds of plants will disappear, if
measures on their protection not will are accepted [5].
It is necessary to respect a nature and not break its
basic principles. The genetic basis of life on the Earth should not be exposed
to danger. A position of each form of life, wild or domestic, should be kept; environment of inhabiting should be
kept.
On the basis of the conclusion we do
such offers:
- to
create the bank of the information on ecologically pure technologies;
- to
create the economic system of stimulating of processing and using of harmful
wastes,
- development of the market of secondary resources at support of the
state;
- preparation and training of the experts for work by progressive
methods;
- to
attract a public to a problem of management of wastes;
- to
accept the normative-legal documents on wastes.
Literature
1. Ropmanova S.S., Nurahmetov N.N.,
Batayeva K.O. Ecological aspects of pollution of the superficial waters of
Kazakhstan by toxic substances // Chemistry.
Protection of an environment. Human ecology. – Almaty, 2004. - ¹4. – P.42.
2. Information ecological bulletin
of the South-Kazakhstan regional managements of protection of an environment
and use of nature. 2000-2006 yy.
3. Bond A.M. Polarographical methods
in analytical chemistry. - Moscow, 1983.-12-21 p.
4. Plohinskyi N.A. Algorithms in
biomethry- Moscow, 1980.-18-28 p.
5. Zahidov S.T. Anthropogenous
mutogenesis and modern ecological accidents. The dangers are exaggerated // the
Bulletin of the Moscow university. -2002.. A series 16, Biology. ¹ 2. -11-16 p.