Sadirova M.S.

D. of sociological sciences, professor of the chair of politology and social-economical disciplines. Republic of Kazakhstan.

THE SOCIAL-PROFESSIONAL MOBILITY OF INTELLIGENCE IN THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY OF KAZAKHSTAN

In the sociological literature the problem of changing of social structure were considered only in the most general statement of a question. However a problem of social mobility in whole and it’s separate aspects still have not received more or less full working out. It concerns such questions as scientific and technical and economic bases of professional mobility, interrelation of factors, a parity social and functional in social structure of social groups, stability and mobility of professional groups, the mechanism of action of social mobility and its influence on efficiency of labour activity of workers.

In the conditions of industrially-innovative development of modern Kazakhstan is necessary studying not only the external factors causing functioning and change of social mobility of workers, but also its internal mechanisms of change, shifts in a professional training, studying methods.

The investigation of mobility condiders the next:

- social mobility occurs between real-life social общностями and specificity of social object predetermines character of social moving;

- it is expedient to talk about social mobility when movings are carried out between different in a number of characteristics positions in a society: to level of complexity of carried out work, degree of its pithiness, a rate of commission, access to the material and cultural blessings from various funds of consumption, to prestige, volume of the power and order volume various patterns of ownership.

- studying of social mobility assumes allocation of groups, and as positions between which moving of individuals will be fixed. Not mobility is supposed to consider as a key to understanding of social structure and social relations, but reproduction of the last – is a key to understanding of mobility.

Social mobility of the person can be considered and as such mechanism by means of which conformity between professional structure and other elements of economic structure are established.

By criterion of novelty such kinds of socially-professional mobility of the person, as are allocated:

a) from a traditional professional direction in a new professional direction;

b) from one traditional direction in other traditional direction;

c) from one new professional direction in other new professional direction;

d) from a new professional direction in a traditional professional direction.

According to the author, studying the professional mobility of social groups in the Kazakhstan’s society it is necessary to track:

1. Changes in structure of professional groups of intelligency;

2. Changes in the structure of intelligency;

3. Changes in functions;

4. Changes in relations;

5. Changes in an environment.

In theoretical aspect at studying of social mobility of the person in modern Kazakhstan society it is possible to allocate four kinds of availability - actually-territorial, housing, legal and linguistic.

1) Territorial availability is connected with features of system of city and rural moving, a territory urban saturation, distances between cities. Real access of the population of region to city resources is rigidly determined by moving system. For example, the average distance between cities of Kazakhstan makes 250-280km. The average radius of service of one city exceeds 100 km, reaching in some regions 150 km. Therefore considerable weights of the population in the given regions are torn almost off from city resources.

2) In modern conditions economic availability becomes more and more significant factor. Transfer into a paid basis of many services in an education sphere, public health services, culture generates serious inter-regional contradictions. Many groups of population in regions of Central Asia, Russia, Transcaucasia, Ukraine simply do not presume to themselves essential expenses for health services.

3) Legal availability is connected by that the establishment of departmental barriers does problematic social justice achievement in distribution of the social blessings between separate regions and groups of the population within regions.

4) Linguistic availability of vital topics that language of functioning of objects of industrial and non-productive appointment seriously influences real consumption of territorial resources. For example, language of functioning of mass media can essentially reduce possibilities of cultural and national groups of other language accessory.

As a result of the sociological research carried out by the author in 1999 and 2007 on regions of Kazakhstan (950 respondents) features of social mobility of the person are revealed.

The basic directions of professional mobility of intelligency of Kazakhstan (%)

	Have passed to the given group (input)	Vertical mobility		Have passed to other groups (exit)	Vertical mobility
		rising	descending		rising	descending
1. Teachers	46,1	39,7	6,4	17,9	15,3	2,5
2. Lawyers	45,9	18,9	16,2		2,7
3. Economists	46,1	42,3	3,8	3,8		3,8
4. Journalists	29,6	25,9	0,3	22,2		22,2
5. Engineers	5,4	4,8	0,6	0,6		0,6
6. Doctors	2,6	-	-	-	-	-
7. Teachers	15,0	9,6	5,3	12,9	3,2	8,0
8. Managers	5,8		5,8	71,4		71,4
9.Military men	28,5			46,4	28,5	11,5
IN TOTAL :	16,9	10,6	4,9	15,3	3,4	11,5

As a whole vertical mobility of professional groups of intelligency of Kazakhstan is investigated taking into account an input and an exit from social group. According to research from respondents of subordinate social groups have passed to group of intelligency of 16,9 %. Level of vertical mobility on the average makes 15,5 %. From the given layer a part of workers leave to commercial structures, in a private sector. 10,6 % fill higher standing social groups.

The level of horizontal professional mobility among professional groups of intelligency of Kazakhstan makes in the beginning of labour activity of 53,5 %, and at the moment of interrogation of 51,5 %.

Hence, the same level remains.

Intraprofessional horizontal mobility makes 22,9 %. The intelligency part masters other trades which correspond to the received speciality. As secondary employment basically is carried out on a horizontal line. But 2 % of respondents left the given group, i.e. have made vertical professional mobility.

If level of vertical mobility in the beginning of labour activity makes 20,2 %, at the moment of interrogation of 24,3 %. The tendency of increase in vertical professional mobility in a current of labour activity is planned.

Vertical professional mobility is brightly expressed among engineers (45,4 %), journalists (40,7 %), military men (28,5 %), teachers (25,6 %). The given tendency among lawyers (8,1 %) and doctors (10,4 %) is less expressed. Hence, in the given groups level of horizontal professional mobility is high. This group includes also teachers and teachers.

Following the results of interrogation the Kazakhstan intelligency, basically, consists of natives of the given layer. Level of self-reproduction of intelligency of 52,0 %. Especially given tendency prevails among respondents of of Astana and Aktyubinsk.

The input in the given group gradually decreases. Only 17,9 % of respondents are natives of a working family, 10,1 % - from country families. This data shows that the tendency to strengthening of isolation of social groups continues to grow.

Character of professional mobility of intelligency of Kazakhstan society is defined by following tendencies:

- Transition of some intelligency layers in numbers of workers-intellectuals, i.e. fall of the status of the person (descending mobility);

- Leaving of various layers of intelligency in other social groups, i.e. change of a trade as a result of an unsuccessful choice of a trade or insufficiency working conditions etc. (vertical and horizontal, ascending and descending). For example, no more than 5-10 % of the people who have begun labour activity as intellectuals, pass then in other groups;

- Transition of representatives of other social groups in intelligency layers;

- Intelligency self-reproduction. Basically, the given group replenishes with natives of a family of intellectuals. For example, the share of the Kazakhstan intelligency makes about 25 % of the population, and a share of its children arriving in high schools, almost half of students;

- Combination of trades and professional movement (between - and intraprofessional mobility);

- The change of a residence connected with change of a trade (migratory mobility).

To regulate professional mobility of intelligency of Kazakhstan it is possible in a way:

1. changing the factors causing aspiration to professional mobility;

2. changing possibilities and conditions of transition to new workplaces.

Office channels of professional mobility of intelligency of Kazakhstan reflect certification and training for a new profession system, improvement of professional skill of workers of all ranks, their selectivity, labour career. In this respect promotion for supervising work and then advancement on supervising posts more and more a high rank are display of vertical and horizontal professional mobility of representatives of intellectual work. In the given process interprofessional and intraprofessional level of professional movings of workers is reflected. That is, office channels of professional mobility are not that other as consecutive passage of steps of qualification, the skill, checked and recognised officially, receiving reflexion in assignment of higher categories, categories, scientific degrees and ranks that not only gives to the person moral satisfaction, but also improves its financial position. It is connected with the big complexity and responsibility of work, with higher material compensation, prestige, possibility to influence the state and public affairs and as to solve personal problems.

At the same time there are cases when formation and qualification do the person psychologically mobile and in certain borders give it the best chances to receive other workplaces if many apply for them, i.e. possibility of movings at them rather above, than at low qualified. It is a question not only about objective, but also subjective circumstances, for example, readiness of the worker to be engaged more a simple labour or installation of the employer that high qualification is perspective on the given workplace.

Professional movings of people are connected with education, repeated education, a training for a new profession, i.e. necessity of training. In this case the great value can have such condition, as presence of means for training payment, for existence for training (if it demands a separation from work; strong-willed qualities, ability to combine work and the training, some personal, family circumstances, etc.) are important also.

At the same time a number of the factors influencing development of professional mobility of intelligency, are outside of manufacture (a sex, age, a nationality of workers, legal norms, environmental conditions, etc.). “Off-duty channels” professional mobility of intelligency of Kazakhstan include also presence of abilities and possibilities and specific kinds of professional work of the person.

Frequently horizontal and vertical mobility can mean acquisition of new trades.

According to interrogation because of acquisition of a new trade leave in other socially-professional groups of 29,3 % of respondents. i.e. some part of intelligency of Kazakhstan aspire to possess new specialties, to raise the social status. In the given group workers of middle age and youth prevail. On professional groups level of satisfaction a new trade on the average makes 18,0 %. Acquisition of a new specialty or combination of trades becomes necessity in the conditions of the market.

With formation of new Kazakhstan statehood which course many representatives of intelligency leave in power structures.

The reasons of change of a trade of representatives of intellectual work **

The reasons of change of a trade	teachers	Teachers school	lawyers	economists	journalists	Engineers	Doctors	Managers	Art intelligency	Military men
disappointed	3,2	-	-	19,2	11,1	9,0	3,4	-	-	17,8
Low earnings	16,1	21,7	8,1	17,3	11,1	21,8	23,4	7,1	16,6	10,7
Staff reduction	10,7	12,8	13,5	25,0	18,5	20,6	20,8	8,3	11,1	-
The trade disappeared	1,0	2,5	-	1,9	3,7	2,4	0,8	2,3	-	7 %
Change m/w	4,3	11,5	8,1	9,6	11,1	10,9	3,4	8,3	-	7 %
Health	1,0	2,5	2,7	1,9	7,4	1,9	6,0	2,3	-	-
Family	3,7	3,8	5,4	5,7	7,4	3,6	1,7	3,5	5,5	3,5
New trade	22,5	15,3	16,2	19,2	14,8	17,5	29,5	15,4	22,2	14,2
Did not change	35,4	25,9	35,1	23,0	18,5	18,7	31,3	2,3	5,5

Motives of change of a place of work can be broken into following groups:

1. Professionally qualifying (discrepancy of work of a specialty or qualification, a dissatisfaction with a trade, a monotonous kind of work, absence of prospects for qualifying growth);

2. A dissatisfaction with the work organization (infringement of rhythm, a bad mode of work);

3. A dissatisfaction with the maintenance and working conditions;

4. Personal motives; Wage level; the Standard of living; 7. Mutual relations in collective.

One tried to improve the position bringing corrective amendments, others aspired to react only to a problem and to provide if not the best, at least, as before, a standard of living. From here distinctions in degree of efforts at definition of strategy of behaviour.

Results of research testify that level of potential territorial mobility of intelligency of Kazakhstan is high - 53,0 %. Level of potential territorial mobility among lawyers (73,3 %), journalists (60,0 %) is high. Low level of the migratory population is characteristic to representatives of art intelligency (28,5 %) and managers (37,5 %).

Results of researches of the author show that there are communications between:

- the correlated variables of the person (an age, sex, qualification, the industrial experience, social activity); - variables of the maintenance of work and a working condition;

- variables of social structure of a society.

Following the results of the sociological research carried out by the author we allocate 4 groups of respondents:

- The first group of intelligency is characterised by high degree of self-identification with a trade, i.e. work very much is pleasant to them. Among respondents of 63,4 % have entered into this group. The intelligency is characterised by the serious realized relation to the selected trade. In the given group lawyers (86,4 %), doctors (78,2 %), teachers (69,8 %) prevail.

- The second group of respondents differ that the relation to a trade on an average level, i.e. not so is pleasant work. (18,4 %). Especially, 22,2 % of engineers, 25,0 %- Managers, 20,0 %-economists, 57,1 % of representatives of art intelligency the chosen trade not so arranges. The given group is characterised by potential professional mobility.

-The third group is indifferent to a trade. (10 %). The big percent of indifference is planned at teachers (19,1 %), journalists (13,3 %), engineers (12,9 %).

-The low interest is characteristic to doctors (4,3 %), economists (6,6 %), teachers (6,6 %).