Svitlana Sviatash

Bykovina State Financial Economic University

Classification of phraseological units according to their semantics

Money in the lives of people occupies a significant place. There is no sphere of life that is not related to money. Nowadays people pay too much attention to this notion. People relate to money in a various way, that's why there are different expressions and phraseological units, which denote the attitudes of people towards money.

The monetary system of the country is important for the state and population, whereas, money is the most important indicator of living standards. Many phraseological units indicate the actual state of things. Idioms are syntactic units, which express opinions in a bright and clear way [2].

Phraseological unit / set expression / idiom is a complex word-equivalent in which the globality of nomination reigns supreme over the formal separability of elements. It is reproduced in speech. [1,5]

The vocabulary of a language is enriched not only by words but also by phraseological units. Phraseological units are word-groups that cannot be made in the process of speech, they exist in the language as ready-made units [5]. They are compiled in special dictionaries. The same as words, phraseological units express a single notion and are used in a sentence as one part of it. American and British lexicographers call such units «idioms». We can mention such dictionaries as: L.Smith «Words and Idioms», V.Collins «A Book of English Idioms» etc. In these dictionaries we can find words, peculiar in their semantics (idiomatic), side by side with word-groups and sentences. In these dictionaries they are arranged, as a rule, into different semantic groups. [5]

Phraseological unit and idiom are a word group with a fixed lexical composition and grammatical structure; its meaning, which is familiar to native speakers of the given language, is generally figurative and cannot be derived from the meanings of the phraseological unit’s component parts [4]. The meanings of phraseological units are the result of the given language’s historical development.

Concept has been variously defined by sources. A concept is a common feature or characteristic.

Structured finance is a broad term used to describe a sector of finance that was created to help transfer risk and avoid laws using complex legal and corporate entities. [4]

Finance consists of different concepts and we distinguish some of them (see Figure 1)

Figure 1. Concepts of finance

Poverty is defined as the condition of being extremely poor [2]. Poverty - economic characteristics of the individual or social group in which they can not meet the minimum requirements for a certain range necessary for life, disability preservation, procreation. Poverty is a relative concept and depends on the overall standard of living in this society. [4]

Pierre Buast said that poverty afflicted spiritual power, hardened the heart, dulled the mind [3]. People have a need to talk about the poverty as far as it's a burning problem in the time of a crisis and sometimes it's painful to talk about poor living conditions for some people. Therefore, the need for expressions of idioms about poverty is high and here are some examples of such phraseology.

as poor as a church mouse	very poor
back on one`s feet	to return to good financial health
bottom dollar	one`s last dollar
caught short	to not have enough money when you need it
cut (someone) off without a penny	to stop giving someone a regular amount of money, to leave someone no money in a wil

Rich is defined as having a lot of money or valuable possessions.[2] Wealth (property) - an abundance of valuable resources and surplus material or property. More precisely a net value of tangible and financial assets (all assets minus liabilities), which owns the nation, individual or firm in a period of time. [4].

Thrifty is defined as showing a careful use of money, especially by avoiding waste. [2]

keep the wolf from the door	to earn enough money to maintain oneself at a minimal level of existence
a penny saved is a penny earned	saving money by not spending it is the same as earning money from working
buy (something) for a song	to buy something cheaply
control the purse strings	to be in charge of the money in a business or a household

Spendthrift is defined as someone who spends money.

burn a hole in one`s pocket	to stimulate someone to spend money quickly
cash on the barrelhead	money paid in cash when something is bought
chip in (money)	to contribute money for something, to pay jointly for something
cold hard cash	cash or coins or bills

Expensive is defined as someone who spends much money. [2]

Together with the price people use the term "expensive" and "cheap". Expensive in our understanding is valuable or one that is worth a lot which are opposed.

at a premium	at a higher price than usual because of something special
beyond one's means	more than one can afford
cook the books/accounts	to illegally change information in the accounting books in a company, to write down false numbers in the accounting books in a company
cost a pretty penny	to cost a lot of money

Cheap is defined as costing little money or less than usual or expected. [2]

In order to save money, people usually pay attention to the product's price. There are demand products that have low price and reasonable quality, and cheap goods and services are the most important to the lives of people of moderate means. There are expressions that negatively characterize some situations, or even ridicule any person. Positive and negative expressions on the cheap or expensive goods come into our lives.

chicken feed	a small amount of money
a dime a dozen	easy to get and therefore of little value
dirt cheap	extremely cheap

Thus, people use "famous sayings" for brighter expression of their thoughts and feelings. These phraseological units for the daily lives of people, and using them makes people language richer.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. Большой англо-русский фразеологический словарь / Еnglish-Russian Dictionary of Idioms. – За ред., Кунина А. В., - Москва: "Русский язык", 1984. – 945 с.

2. Cambridge Dictionaries (English – English). – Access mode: [http://dictionary.cambridge.org/].

3. Learn 4 Good. – Access mode: [http://www.learn4good.com].

4. Wikipedia. – Access mode: [http://www.wikipedia.org/].

5. Phraseological units: Their instantial use and interpretation by Pedro J. Chamizo Domínguez and Rosario Caballero Rodríguez. - NACISCIONE, ANITA: Phraseological units in discourse: Towards applied stylistics. Riga: Latvian Academy of Culture; 2001. XI + 283 págs. ISBN: 9984-9519-0-1.