Hydro-geological factors of formation
Aksu makrogeosystem
The Kazakh
National university him аль-Фараби (fizgeo@kazsu.kz)
Researches of last years it is established, that
by the major factors determining dynamics{changes} of
geosystems, are not only a superficial drain, but also hydro-geological
features. In investigated territory we allocate the following
makrogeosystems: Karatalskaya, Lepsinskaya, Aksuyskaya.
At studying modern condition Aksu makrogeosystem were defined{determined} both parameters
of a superficial drain, and a mode of the subsoil waters dated to sand-gravel
and sand-loamy adjournment of terraces of
the river Aksu, and also character of the pressure
head waters lieing in prolayers of
sand, sandstones and gravel -shingle,
generated in a thickness neogenois
clays /1/.
Waters of the paleozoic
breeds composing the base of a hollow, are connected with tupho-sanding,
aleurolites, diorites, gabro- diorites, granites. They are opened on depth from
25-150 up to 800-1000 m. Underground waters mainly salty, with a mineralization
10-50 g/l, chloride-sulphatic
magnesium-natrium. Waters
jurkiois adjournment in considered{examined} territory
are distributed a little. On quality of water salty (a mineralization
6-8 g/l ), chloride -sulphatic
natrium.
Waters upper-chalk adjournment have the limited local distribution. Underground waters fresh{stale}
and litlesalti (a mineralization
0,7-1,6 g/l) from hudro-carbond natrium up to chloride -sulphatic natrium.
.
Waters
paliegenois adjournment
meet in the south, in the north, and in the center of a hollow. Paliegenois deposits lie under powerful, neogenois
thicknesses and block paleozoic breeds. The mineralization of underground waters changes
within the limits of 1,1-59,2 g/l, on structure they mainly chloride natrium.
Waters neogenois adjournment
in southern -
Balchashsky artesian pool are distributed everywhere. They are combined mainly
regional sustained waterproof clays of the Aral,
From June
till September In a seasonal mode of subsoil waters makrogeosystem, borrowed{occupied} irrigation agriculture, traces sharply expressed
years{summer} maximal rise of a level of subsoil waters. The long steady minimum is observed from December
till April. The size of years{summer} rise of a level on the irrigated areas in
separate years is various, that is defined{determined} water-earrin the rivers and, hence,
by various norm of watering. On the average the size of years{summer} rise of a level makes 1,8-2,2
m, sharply growing up to
4-5 m in makrogeosystems,
where former agricultural crops are replaced with other moistureloving cultures, demanding higher norms watering .
The
level of subsoil waters in makrogeosystems agricultural use rises
from the beginning of water delivery on
fields and becomes to constants after clousing
superficial and subsoil waters. Recession of a level is observed during the
intervegetative period when water
delivery on fields is absent. In investigated territory subsoil waters
are dated to guatering and partly to
neogenois to adjournment.
Given Aksus
makrogeosystems it is
submitted by the territory generated by activity of the river Aksu which originates
from northern slopes Dzungarian Ala Tau. Formation of a drain of the river Aksu
and the river Sarkand is carried out almost completely due to thawing glaciers
and snow-laden, a underground feed{meal} is insignificant a little.
The geological base given
makrogeosystems is submitted eolovois, alluvial and alluvial- proluvial the
adjournment composing channels and I shall understand the rivers Aksu.
Litologies structure of breeds various. In upper valleys of the river are distributed boulder-gravel-shingle /4/. These breeds also represent litologies a basis for
landscapes of a zone of formation of a drain which is submitted foothill alluvial- proluvial weak-breaked down by plain with differen-grass, bush, differen-galofits-grass vegetation. In process of movement
to a lower reaches, boulder-gravel-shingle are replaced on shingles and the
sand containing separate lenses clay and loams.
Makrogeosystems
zones of driving a wadge into a drain are widely advanced in an average part of
geosystem and represent gently rolling range-mound plain with wormwood with
wight-ground vegetation. In this zone the river Aksu crossing plain
Pribalhashskuju flow on a wide line, further being broken in a lower reaches on
numerous channels also forms a number{line} of flowing lakes (Cane lakes).
These channels and lakes bog up district and result in formation{education}
of complex{difficult} delta. On bandgot the rivers prevail
meadow and meadow-marsh ground also there are gray soils. Among vegetation conducting{leading} place is borrowed{occupied} with cereals
and comlexflowers. In a cereal herbage the main
dominants a feather grass - volosatiks, tipzak, barley Bogdanas, volonez
narrow, shii brilliant. Family comlexflowers are characterized by a wide
circulation of ice-holes. Worm wood pastures are distributed everywhere, on
zone loamy soils, salti meadow, mountain-steppe undeveloped loamy soils on
mountains/3/.
In a zone of transit of a
drain character of landscapes gets typically deserted character. In functioning
landscapes the active role is played with processes kserofitizaz, reflected on
character of a soil - vegetative cover. In connection with downturn of absolute
heights up to 500-600 m processes of a deflation which make active eolovois
processes of a lower reaches makrogeosystems amplify. Landscapes of a zone of dispersion of a
drain are dated for sandy files Zhalkum and Kushikzhal adjoining to the river
Aksu. In a lower reaches from a settlement. Kuraksu up
to a mouth the river loses waters on updating of stocks of underground waters
and on evaporation from a surface of numerous reservoirs in delta in quantity{amount} 2,25 m3/ with. In an annual
cut{section} the river on this site has complex{difficult} mutual relation with
underground waters, receiving a time feed{meal} in December. Therefore the
curve of a course of changes of a level of subsoil waters for this type of a
mode depends exclusively on a mode of a water level in the river, synchronously or with to be late for 1,2-2 months.
On data U.M.Ahmedsafin /1951/,/1964/zone of influence
of the river on levelat the mode is distributed by M.H.Dzhabasova up to 3-4 kms
in shallow years and up to 5-7 kms in abounding in water, and the amplitude of
fluctuation of a level of subsoil waters in comparison with amplitude of a level
of the river decreases approximately in 2 times at removal{distance} from the
river for 140 m and in 5-6 times - on distance up to 610 m/5/. Major factors
causing change of a level of subsoil waters are an atmospheric precipitation,
evaporation and moving plants.
Modern development given makrogeosystems,
generated on continental winnowing fragment a material ancient Balkhash -
Alakol of pool occurs in conditions of intensive formation{education} of
barchans and the fine sandy, bared cells.