Integrated weed control management of vegetables in Bulgaria

Nidal Shaban, Baeva G.

Bulgaria

e-mail: nidalshaban@abv.bg

  In sound with the European policy in vegetable production with decreased doses of foliar applied herbicides or eliminate using of other soil applied herbicides. In Bulgaria during the last years many studies are achieved. They include: applied of new agro techniques in production of tomato, bean and peas with mixed dressing of Fuazifop-P-butyl, Bentazone, metribuzin with bulgarian leaf fertilizer Lactofol® ; by using organic or synthetic mulches and other practices.

More aspects of the mixed foliar fertilization with decreased pesticide doses, as a means of sustainable growing of  peas, snap bean, potato and tomato have been studied during the period 1993-2001 under laboratory, growth chamber and field conditions. In addition, improvement and clarification of the possibilities of the mixed application of suspensious leaf fertilizer with decreased pesticide doses as a reliable and applicable method for sustainable management of plant nutrition with ecological aspect in growing and production of peas, snap bean and tomato. To clarify the theoretical and practical results of the foliar fertilization as supplementary and compensatory effects of applied nutrient utilization with capable of quickly, cheaply, economically overcoming various deficiency symptoms, complex of investigations were carried out. With improving application of foliar fertilizer with decreased pesticide doses (FFDPD) according to the local particularities as cultivated variety, climate, location, stage of plant growth, the timing of the application (i.e. with the phonological dates) and many other circumstances, proved the FFDPD effects on the yield guaranteeing and increasing and /or yield quality improvement of studied vegetable crops. On the base of scientific-sustantiaded biological and statistical analysis were proved the FFDPD effects which evidently activates plant metabolism /assimilation thus contributing to overcome stress situations. The established tendencies and regularities get a bases for elaboration of   perfection technology for foliar fertilizing with decreased pesticide doses (FFDPD) in growing and production of peas, snap bean and tomato, as available step in sustainable management of plant nutrition with ecological aspects in vegetable growing with yield quantity and quality improvement.

Table 1. Growth and development of weeds

 

¹¹

 

Variants

Pease

Bean

Tomato

Weeds during harvesting

¹/m2

g/m2

¹./m2

g/m2

¹./m2

g/m2

1

Un weeded, non fertilized,Ê1

27,03

607,75

24,9

443,5

23,8

459

2

Convential growing Ê2

7,80

25,25

 4,8

144,6

13,4

174

3

Lactofol®  Î +soil fertilizing  Ê3

19,63

355,25

  5,5

180,4

12,5

277

4

Pesticides + soil fertilizing    Ê4

9,48

97,50

3,58

5,74

4,8

86

5

Lactofol®Fe+soil fertilizing 

21,21

374,75

9,08

106,4

-

-

6

Lactofol®Fe+soil fertilizing+ herbicides*

9,16

116,50

4,08

2,62

-

-

7

Lactofol®K+soil fertilizing 

19,00

261,00

12,2

13,9

-

-

8

Lactofol®K+soil fertilizing + herbicides*

10,23

64,25

2,58

2,22

-

-

9

Lactofol®B+soil fertilizing 

20,28

308,53

10,3

12, 5

-

-

10

Lactofol®B+soil fertilizing + herbicides*

16,86

152,75

3,25

3,52

-

-

11

Lact.Î+soil fertlizing +75.% herbicides*

8,61

126,50

7,50

10,1

3,7

67

12

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +87.5% herbicides*

7,66

103,50

4,75

7,09

4,2

69

13

Lact Î+ soil fertlizing +opt. herbicides*

9,14

97,75

5,93

5,17

5,5

63

14

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +75.% herbicides*

8,49

88,50

3,75

3,83

3,3

63

15

Lact Î+ soil fertlizing +87.5% herbicides*

7,59

79,25

5,58

6,51

6,0

77

16

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +opt. herbicides*

9,26

107,00

4,25

6,51

6,2

66

average

13,24

185,38

7,6

8,9

8,3

140

* mixed** consecutive. Variants from 2-16 with same soil fertilizing.

 

Table 2 Index of growth and productivity

¹

Variants

Pease

Bean

Tomato

growth

productivity

growth

productivity

growth

productivity

1

Un weeded, non fertilized,Ê1

0

0,339

0

0,469

0

7,77

2

Convential growing Ê2

+2,85

0,344

+    5,76

0,513

+10,67

9,67

3

Lactofol®  Î +soil fertilizing  Ê3

+14,30

0,422

+    9,94

0,487

-3,00

9,92

4

Pesticides + soil fertilizing    Ê4

+2,10

0,361

+  10,77

0,475

-7,40

9,23

5

Lactofol®Fe+soil fertilizing 

+2,78

0,226

+  11,84

0,466

-

-

6

Lactofol®Fe+soil fertilizing+ herbicides*

+1,30

0,308

+  14,02

0,500

-

-

7

Lactofol®K+soil fertilizing 

+4,23

0,432

+    9,43

0,486

-

-

8

Lactofol®K+soil fertilizing + herbicides*

+2,05

0,219

+    8,64

0,511

-

-

9

Lactofol®B+soil fertilizing 

-0,06

0,248

+  10,83

0,505

-

-

10

Lactofol®B+soil fertilizing + herbicides*

+7,39

0,374

+  11,62

0,521

-

-

11

Lact.Î+soil fertlizing +75.% herbicides*

+2,95

0,339

+  15,29

0,500

-15,35

9,97

12

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +87.5% herbicides*

+7,33

0,284

+  15,11

0,519

-4,00

9,59

13

Lact Î+ soil fertlizing +opt. herbicides*

+0,71

0,326

+  12,09

0,489

-13,07

9,56

14

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +75.% herbicides*

+16,23

0,419

+  14,05

0,521

+10,02

9,94

15

Lact Î+ soil fertlizing +87.5% herbicides*

+5,78

0,269

+  14,82

0,491

+2,27

8,75

16

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +opt. herbicides*

-3,51

0,295

+  10,40

0,484

-10,05

9,26

average

+4,43

0,329

+11,64

0,496

-3,32

9,37

* mixed** consecutive. Variants from 2-16 with same soil fertilizing.

 

Table 3.Yield of studied crops

¹

 

 

Âàðèàíòè íà îïèòà

yield kg/da

Pease

Bean

Tomato

Beans

Grains

Beans

Total

St.

1

Un weeded, non fertilized,Ê1

1032,8

505,8

1349

6127

5021

2

Convential growing Ê2

1192,6

621,4

1556

7095

5497

3

Lactofol®  Î +soil fertilizing  Ê3

1271,4

638,6

1459

7189

5551

4

Pesticides + soil fertilizing    Ê4

1220,8

598,4

1436

7042

5339

5

Lactofol®Fe+soil fertilizing 

1173,4

611,0

1452

-

-

6

Lactofol®Fe+soil fertilizing+ herbicides*

1211,6

633,0

1505

-

-

7

Lactofol®K+soil fertilizing 

1184,0

616,4

1429

-

-

8

Lactofol®K+soil fertilizing + herbicides*

1210,4

635,8

1530

-

-

9

Lactofol®B+soil fertilizing 

1239,2

606,6

1472

-

-

10

Lactofol®B+soil fertilizing + herbicides*

1131,4

623,4

1548

-

-

11

Lact.Î+soil fertlizing +75.% herbicides*

1238,6

614,6

1467

6911

5648

12

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +87.5% herbicides*

1263,0

623,0

1485

6912

5888

13

Lact Î+ soil fertlizing +opt. herbicides*

1157,4

586,4

1425

6986

5791

14

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +75.% herbicides*

1286,8

655,8

1543

6968

5636

15

Lact Î+ soil fertlizing +87.5% herbicides*

1225,0

647,8

1443

6433

5232

16

Lact.Î+ soil fertlizing +opt. herbicides*

1224,2

634,2

1433

7156

5663

average

1203,9

615,76

1471

6882

5527

* mixed** consecutive. Variants from 2-16 with same soil fertilizing. da=1000m2

Referances:

1.        Dobrzański ,A.; Palczyński,J.;Anyska,Z(1999): the mixture of metribuzin with flutenacef for weed control in tomato.Progress in Plant Protection(1999)39(2)662-664.

2.        Dobrzański ,A.(2000):Role of some agrotechnical treatments in vegetable crops protection against weeds. OchronaRoslin(2000)44(10)30-32.

3.        Dobrzański,A(2004):Weed control in integrated production of vegetable-changes in the programme of protection of vegetables.OchronaRoslin(2004)49(3)26-32.

4.        Dobrzański ,A.;Anyska,Z.;Palczyński,J.;K.Elkner (2004):Effect of weed control management on nitrate accumulation in vegetables.Progress in Plant Protection(2004)44(1)36-42.