Statistic observation as the basis
for the accumulation of the materials for the economic researches
In the economic researches the accumulation of
the materials is provided by the way of using the materials of the statistic
investigations, conducting special observations including selectional
ones, generalization of the experience of the leading subjects of economy,
experiments, preliminary calculations.
One of the important methods of the economic
researches which is used for the collection of the information for the
scientific researches is the method of the statistic observation. To study the
quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the phenomena and the processes
of the social life first of all the necessary information must be collected
about them.
First and the most important stage of the
statistic research is the statistic observation which consists in well planned,
systematic, scientifically grounded work in collection the mass information about
phenomena and processes of the social life. It demands careful preparation,
holding on the requirements of the statistic science, is carried out by the
great amount of people and so, demands much financing. At the same time the
success of all the statistic work depends on the fullness and quality of the
initial data.
If the statistic observation is carried out in an
improper way, with the violation of the methodological demands and the
information received is not true, then no matter how well they would be
processed, the results will be of a low quality, they won't represent the real
state of the phenomena and processes as the deficiency of the initial materials
can't be removed even in the most perfect processing.
The results of the statistic observation is the
main source of the scientific information which must be comparative in time and
space and this can be achieved only in case of strict holding on to the
methodic rules. The timeliness of the information received is also of great
importance.
All these demands will be provided if the aim and
the tasks of the statistic and the way
of holding are set, and the materials of the observation are carefully checked
and controlled.
Different questions which are decided while
working out a plan of the statistic observation can be united in such groups:
1.
systematic questions;
2. the
tool matter of the observation;
3. the way
of the organization of the observation;
4.
methods of checking the probability of the information collected. Before
the observation no measures are taken as a rule to change the conditions
in which the phenomenon is developed in reality.
The task of the statistic observation is to reflect the actual state and
process of the development of the phenomenon under research in modern conditions.
The important thing is the wide definition of the
aim of the statistic observation. It must reflect the question which must be
answered in the process of observation and analysis of its results. The aim of
the observation must be formulated clearly, in laconic way. It determines the
character and the quantity of the indexes, which must be received in the
process of observation. For example, to study such question as the influence of
the fund-provideness on its productivity, one must
collect information about the amount of certain category of workers, value of
main production funds and the indexes of the volume of production (in natural
or cost expression).
The important role in studying and dissemination
of the experience of the best enterprises and forestalling the negative display
of certain phenomena in general amount of statistic totality belongs to the
monographic observation.
To provide the statistic observation it is
important to solve properly not only systematic, but also organizational
questions. The list of measures necessary for the successful work on collecting
information is called the organizational plan of the statistic observation
Any statistic observation has the task to receive
such information which precisely or maximally precisely reflects the reality.
Therefore, on different reasons the degree
of preciseness of the
results of the observation can be different.
Inexactitudes, controversiness,
the lack of logical connection between the separate indexes of the observation
in the statistic information received with the help of observation are usually
called the mistakes of observation.
The
mistakes of the statistic observation consist in difference between the essence
of some index which was established in the process of the statistic observation
and its real essence in the certain conditions of time and place.
In specially organized statistic observations the
main reasons of mistakes can be as follows: imperfect program of the statistic
observation, careless material, time and space restrictions of the object and
units of the observation, the absence of the logic and dialectic succession
while setting the forms, unsatisfactory preparation of the workers.
On the condition that the statistic observation
is organized on the basis of usage of the documents (documental observation),
the mistakes can be made because of the unsatisfactory condition of the initial
and accounting calculations on enterprises.
To avoid
such mistakes one can by arranging the initial and accounting calculation on
enterprises, timely and qualitative arranging of the documents, holding the
systematic control of the reliability of the data of the statistic and
accounting calculation.