Reasons for
determining the development and formation of abnormal human behavior
Lavliskyy.R.A;
Dralina.N.M (Donetsk State University of Economics and Trade named. M. Tugan-Baranovsky)
behavior
Social being and each person can deviate from the axis of
its existence and development. The reason for this rejection lies in the
peculiarities of the relationship and human interaction with the environment,
social environment and ourselves. Arising on the basis of such properties in a
variety of psycho-physical, socio-cultural, spiritual and moral state of people
and their behavior is a condition for prosperity of society, its development
and implementation of social development.
Deviation in the behavior of - deviant behavior - is thus
a natural condition of human development, society as a whole. In other words,
deviant behavior was, is and will be and therein lies the relevance of his
study. The main objective of the control work is to understand the essence of
deviant (deviant) behavior.
You must solve several problems:
1. give a definition of deviant behavior and deal with various forms of its
manifestation. In particular we must distinguish deviant behavior that is
social and creative character, is a product or a reflection of the social
innovation of deviant behavior, which is generated or opens the path to social
pathology, is socially negative;
2. understand the causes of deviant behavior by considering different
approaches to studying the problem.
In studying the causes of deviant behavior, there are three types of theories:
the theory of physical types, psychoanalytic theory and sociological, or
cultural, theory. Dwell on each of them.
1. The basic premise of all theories of physical types is that certain physical
traits of the person committed predetermine its various deviations from the
norm. Among the followers of the theory of physical types can be called C.
Lombroso, E. Kretschmer, B. Sheldon. In the works of these authors, there is
one fundamental idea: people with certain physical constitution tend to make
social rejection, condemned by society. All known cases where individuals with
the person committing the gravest crime of cherubs, and the individual with the
rough, "criminal" facial features could not harm a fly.
2. At the heart of psychoanalytic theories of deviant behavior is the study of
conflicts occurring in the mind of the individual. According to the theory of
Freud, each person under a layer of active consciousness is the unconscious -
it is our mental energy, which is concentrated all natural, primitive. Man is
able to protect themselves from their own natural "lawless" state
through the formation of the self, as well as the so-called super-I, determined
solely by the culture of society. However, it may be a condition where the
internal conflict between the ego and besoznatelnym, as well as between
superego and unconscious defense and destroy our inner breaks out, not knowing
the content of culture. In this case, may occur a deviation from cultural norms
elaborated by the social environment of the individual
3.
In accordance with the sociological, or cultural, theories, individuals are
deviantam, because the processes of socialization passable in the group are
unsuccessful in relation to some very definite rules, and these failures affect
the internal structure of personality. When socialization processes are
successful, the individual is first adapted to the surrounding cultural norms,
and then treats them so that he approved the norms and values of society or group becomes its emotional
needs, and cultural taboos part of his consciousness. He sees the norms of
culture in a way that automatically operates in the expected manner of behavior
most of the time. Individual errors are rare, and everyone around us know that
they are not his usual behavior. The presence in the everyday practice of a
large number of conflicting rules, the uncertainty in connection with the
possible choice of conduct can lead to a phenomenon known as Emile Durkheim
anomie (lack of state standards). According to Durkheim anomie - a condition in
which the individual has a solid sense of belonging, no security and stability
in the choice of the line of normative behavior. Robert K. Merton has made some
changes in the concept of anomie, Durkheim proposed. He believes that the
reason for the deviation is the gap between cultural goals of society and
socially approved (legal or institutional) means of achieving them. For
example, while the community supports the efforts of its members in an effort
to increase wealth and high social status, legal means members of society to
achieve such a state is limited: when a person can not achieve prosperity by
the talent and ability (legal means), it can resort to deception, fraud or
theft, not approved by society.
R. Merton was a typology of behavior of individuals in their relation to the
goals and means. According to this typology to the objectives and means any
person falls into the following classes:
• conformist takes both cultural goals and institutional means, to be approved
in society, and is a loyal member of society;
• innovator trying to achieve cultural goals (which he accepts),
non-institutional facilities (including unlawful and criminal);
• ritualists takes institutional funds that absolutizes, but the goals to which
it must seek through these means, ignore or forget. Rituals, ceremonies and
rules for it are the basis of conduct while at the same time, original,
innovative means to them, as a rule, are rejected;
• insulated type of waste from both the cultural and traditional purposes, as
well as the institutional means necessary to achieve them (eg homeless, drug
addicts, alcoholics);
• rebel remains undecided about both means and cultural purposes, and he
departs from the existing means and goals, wanting to create a new system of
norms and values, and new means to achieve them.
When using this
typology is important to remember, for example, that people can never be
completely conformal to the regulatory culture or be complete innovators. Each person present
in varying degrees, all of these types. However, some of the types commonly
seen in more and characterizes a person.
Thus, deviant behavior plays a dual role in society: on the one hand, it poses
a threat to the stability of society, on the other - supports this stability.
For example, if a society or social group, numerous cases of social deviations
of people lose a sense of expected behavior. Going disruption of culture and
the destruction of social order.
On the other hand,
the deviant behavior is one way of adapting to a culture of social change.
There is not a modern society, which for a long time would have remained
static. Even a completely isolated from the world civilizations community
should from time to time to modify patterns of behavior due to environmental
changes. But the new cultural norms are rarely created by them for further
discussion and adoption by all members of social groups. New social norms
emerge and evolve as a result of everyday behavior of individuals in a clash
constantly emerging social circumstance. Deviating from the old, familiar rules
of behavior of a small number of individuals may be the beginning of a new
normative samples. Gradually, breaking tradition, deviant behavior containing
viable new standards, increasingly penetrates the consciousness of people. As
the assimilation of members of social groups conduct that contains the new
rules, it ceases to be rejected.
Deviant behavior
often serves as a foundation, the beginning of the existence of common cultural
norms. Without him it would be difficult to adapt the culture to change
societal needs. If you consider any field of human endeavor: politics,
governance, ethics, we can not completely definitive answer to this question.
Satisfactory answer to these questions is difficult to provide. However, not
all forms of deviant behavior requires much more detailed analysis. Criminal
behavior, sexual deviance, alcoholism and drug addiction may not lead to useful
to society of new cultural patterns. It should be recognized that the vast
number of social deviations played a destructive role in the development of
society. And only some few deviations can be considered useful. One of the
problems sociologists - to identify and select useful cultural patterns of
deviant behavior of individuals and groups.