Òåõíè÷åñêèå íàóêè/ 4.Òðàíñïîðò
Kalinin À.V.,
Efremenko À.N., Antonenko D.S.
Donetsk institute of
motor transport, Ukraine
Analytical going near forming of factors
influencing on degree of reliabiliti and quality of freight transportations in semi-rigid container
The
estimation of degree of reliability of delivery of loads is given in the charts
of transport streams, the analysis of degree of damage of light-weight loads is
conducted in a semi-rigid container with the purpose of forming of factors formings
quality of transport services on a freight transport with the purpose of their
subsequent quantitative and high-quality estimation for adjusting of the got
results
Raising of problem. Presently the objective
terms of economic development are produced by enhanceable performance
specifications process of motion of commodities control on a logistic chain. As
practice shows, one of weak points is packing of commodities, principles of
creation of which practically did not change from the beginning of
transformations to Ukraine and poorly reacted on the change of economic terms
in the plan of choice of container, and consequently, minimizations of
transport expenses [1]. It is necessary to mark that quality of a transport
service is characterized not only the economy of delivery. Efficiency of
functioning of users of transport services depends both on the size of tariff
on delivery and from such aspects of quality of delivery, as a timeliness,
safety and other In practice at the choice of variant of delivery, shippers and
consignees often take into account basic part of charges, related to delivery —
transport costs only. Other charges, conditioned the insufficient level of
quality of delivery, are taken into account usually as costs of basic
production. Thus, actual influence of transport on efficiency of basic
production considerably anymore, what it appears from the cost of transport completions.
In modern terms the special value is acquired
by the category of reliability of delivery. As is generally known, any logistic
system is characterized one or another degree of reliability. At providing of
the required level of reliability of functioning of the delivery system
consignees will be able to plan deliveries in optimum volumes, to determine the
exact sizes of insurance supplies. Actuality of decision of task of exact
determination of reliability of functioning of the delivery system flows out
from here.
The level of safety
on an amount can be expressed through the percent of loads, lost at delivery,
from the general amount of the delivered loads. Analogical appearance is
utillize the index of percent of loads, spoiled at delivery, from the general
amount of the delivered loads for determination of level of safety in quality.
Depending on the value of loads the norms of their loss are set (what
dearer loads, the below possible percent
of their loss). Usually the percent of loss must not exceed 1% [1, 2].
For the estimation of level of reliability of
functioning of process of delivery of loads and degree of loss at the different
variants of delivery in the charts of transport streams a "producer is an
user", it is necessary to conduct an analysis in the field of consumption
of different types of ïîäóêöèè on volume productions, the same to define
the degree of the use of the proper container and packing. Predlogaemyy an
algorithm will allow to select and study the most meaningful factors in ìèêðî and macro to the environment, influencing on the degree of reliability
of container and packing in the system, «packing is a commodity is an external
environment» in which a cross-coupling of components is on each other, and it,
in same queue, causes the change of consumer properties of both container and
cased products in the process of change of demand as in the world so domestic
market.
Analysis of the last researches and publications. As an analysis of literary sources shows, there are different methods of
determination of reliability of functioning of the logistic systems. A basic
problem consists in the search of such indexes by which it is possible it would
be to estimate the level of reliability of functioning of process of delivery.
Reliability of delivery is a difficult complex parameter. Researches show that
the most essential parameters, taken into account at the estimation of
failsafety delivery, are a timeliness, safety of commodity, risk level,
compatibility of the system, image of participants of the system etc [1]. The
important condition of choice of variant of delivery is a parameter of
providing of safety of loads at delivery. The losses of load, related to the
physical and moral obsolescence at transportation and maintainance, tell in the
end on his price. Most commodities, produced industry, transport, keep and
release an user in packing or container [2].
Packing reliability is determined those
factors of external environment, which it is exposed to in the process of
storage and transporting. In this case an external environment of product is
the that logistic system which he is in.
The primary objective of packing is
protecting of products from damages in the process of storage and transporting.
For achievement of this purpose it is necessary to pick up packing, proper
descriptions of product, and able to find correct combination of material and
packing construction. Thus a question decides about the necessary degree of
defence of products [2, 6]. In
obedience to statistics in Ukraine on the enterprises of food retail industry
and processing of agricultural products for January-May, 2005, by comparison to
the proper period of previous year, production of goods volumes grew on 17,4%
(last year - 15,2%) [3, 4].
On the enterprises
of food retail industry and processing of agricultural products in
January-September, 2006-2008, by comparison to the proper period of previous
year, production of goods volumes grew on 7,1 % (last year - on 14,7 %). In
particular, the increase of volumes took a place in the production of fats on
34,9 %, pastas on 13,8 %, in processing of green-stuffs and fruit - on 12,2 %, drinks - on 10,2 %, in meat and
tobacco industry (accordingly on 9,4 and 9,1 %). Along this was abbreviate the
volume of output of products in the production of groats and flour (on 8,4 %),
suckling products (on 6,6 %) and pastry industry (on 2,3 %). For
January-August, 2006 an amount of paying concerns of area was 60,8 % (last year
- 62,9 %) [3, 4].
A semi-rigid
container and packing from ãàôðîêàðòîíà occupies a leading place in such groups of
commodities: pastry wares, frozen products, ice-cream, desserts, beer, wine,
swizzles, chhanas, pastas, tea, coffee, cacao, tobacco wares; medical
preparations, perfumery and commodities of domestic chemistry, domestic
technique and electronics; economic commodities, inventory, instruments;
clothes, shoe, toys, commodities for leisure. In the countries of ES consumer
packing from a cardboard most part used for packing of dry food stuffs - 21 %,
frozen products - 10 %, other food stuffs - 23 %, tobacco wares - 6 %, medical
preparations and facilities of the personal hygiene - 24 %, instruments and
inventory - 8 %, clothes and shoe - 8 % [5]. Obviously, that growth of demand
on the cardboard packing is conditioned the swift dynamics of user market. The
department of prognostication of development of sectors of economy and ìåæîòðàñëåâîãî balance of Department of economics of Ukraine reports that in June, 2007
growth of industrial production to June the last year was 10,4%. Increase for
the I half-year — 11,8%. On analytical prognoses, a world consumption of
cardboard will be annually ðîñòè on the average on 2,8-3% and to to 2010 must
make 45 million ò. As the Ukrainian market is young and dynamic, growth
rates in the segment of the cardboard packing are much impressive. From
different data of operators — 10-15% annually. Thus, in this sector rates pass
ahead growth of packing industry on the whole. From data of AUP «Ukrpapår», the enterprises of market of cardboard-paper products of Ukraine today
work stably. For six years the issue of cardboard grew almost twice — with 300
thousand of ò in 2000 to about 600 thousand of ò in 2006
Profitability of enterprises of industry hesitates within the limits of 10-15%
[3, 4].
Exposition of basic material. On
the basis of analysis of existent publications taking into account the modern
state of demand on a container, packing and different type of products it was
certain that still leads food retail industry which today makes almost fifth
part from the general issue of industrial products and application of ãîôðîêàðòîíà and ãîôðîòàðû domain very wide (unlike other types of packing, a cardboard-paper
container is utillized by enterprises, productive practically all of commodity
groups), I.e. on the modern stage from ãàôðîêàðòîíà made about 70 % transport and more than 35 % -
consumer packing. It is possible to draw a conclusion from
above-stated, that presently basic demand on ãîôðîòàðó
forms food retail industry - 65%. On the second place on the level of
consumption there are enterprises, productive the commodities of domestic
chemistry and pharmaceutics - in an aggregate about 20%. An about 5% demand
(mainly on high-quality ïÿòèñëîéíóþ ãîôðîòàðó) is formed by the producers of domestic
technique. Other users of ãîôðîòàðû it is traditionally been tobacco, ïàðôþìåðíî-êîñìåòè÷åêàÿ and glass industry, which a to 10% issue is on [3, 4]. On the basis of
the presented information with the purpose of study and forming of factors of
influencing on the degree of reliability of container and packing, and
directly, on safety of products of different industries during the
technological process of delivery, the questionnaire questioning of
representatives of enterprises and organizations was conducted productive and
consuming in the logistic chain of delivery the products of food retail
industry, domestic chemistry, pharmaceutics, tobacco, ïàðôþìåðíî-êîñìåòè÷åêóþ products in the Donetsk area for period of 2007-2008. It is possible to draw a conclusion, that on
the average the minimum percent of damage of ïðèâåäåíîãî
commodity exceeds a norm in 1 % [1, 2, 7], that talks about the considerable
losses of both user and producer, profitability goes down as a result, the
additional holds are loosened, that results in the decline of synergetics
effect in the chain of supplying with a commodity to the eventual user.
Similarly depending on distance of transportations, including complications of
logistic chain of delivery of load and technology of delivery process of
loading-unloading and physical and chemical properties of load the percent of
loss is increased on the average from 1,8 to 10 %. From the conducted analysis
in the points of production and consumption of products in the chain of
delivery it should be noted that during realization of the combined
transportation of loads in a semi-rigid container and hard container percent of
damage of commodity transported in a semi-rigid container increased from 2 to 8
%, a factor, influencing on quality of delivery of commodity, is complemented
as a result. In obedience to statistics and ïïðîâåäåííîãî
analysis in the system, «packing is a commodity is an external environment» it
is necessary to select the followings factors, influencing on the degree of
damage of products in a semi-rigid container during delivery from a producer to
the eventual user, namely: state of travelling linen (category dear is a degree
of äèôîðìàöèè); distance of transportation; type of mobile composition; degree of
load; sort of load; degree of loading on the ax of car; row and height of the
manned freight unit both individually and in a complex on the platform of car;
level and method of fastening of load; term of exploitation of car (the state
of working part of car is frequency of vibrations - vibration); complication of
logistic chain; combination of different sort of load with different
descriptions of both container and packing; degree and level of mechanization ïîãðóçî÷íî-ðàçãðóçî÷íûõ robot at all stages of technological process of delivery.
Conclusions.
On the basis of analysis of existent and educational literature, and also
taking into account the modern consisting of consumption and delivery of loads
of semi-rigid container factors, formings quality of transport services, are
certain, statistics of ïîâðåæäíèÿ load are resulted, in basis of which the
elements of the system are fixed «packing is a commodity — external
environment». The conducted questionnaire questioning of experts allowed to
expose the most essential factors with the purpose of their subsequent
quantitative and high-quality estimation for the further adjusting of the got
results, I.e. developments of recommendations on upgrading delivery of commodity
from a producer to the recipient in a logistic chain.
List of literature
1. Transport
logistic: Textbook for transport institutes of higher. / Under a general
release L.B.Mirotina. – M.: publishing House «Examination». 2003. – 512 p.
2. Sirokhman
I.V., Zavgorodnya V.M. Merchandizing of packing materials and container:
Textbook. – K.: CNL, 2005. – 614 with
3. Statistical
collection «Regions of Ukraine» for 2005. Part ²² // Edited O.G.
Osaulenka. – K.: “Consultant”, 2005. – 812 p.
4. Statistical
annual of the Donetsk area for 2005 - 2008 / Donetsk regional management of
statistics of Goskomstata of Ukraine. Donetsk, 2008.
5. Banasyak
Ya. Rynok the corrugated cardboard in Evrope// Packing. – 2001. - ¹2. –
S.1 – 20.
6. Il'ina
S.B., Kruchina t.S. Kontroling processes of economic activity on the
enterprises of food retail industry. it is the Train aid. – K.: the «Publishing
house «Professional», 2008. – 592 p.
7. Shreder
v.L., Pilipenko s.F. Packing from a cardboard. – K.: IAC «Packing» - 2004. –
560 p.