Сільськогосподарські науки / 4. Технологія
зберігання та переробки сільськогосподарської продукції.
docent, Ph.D.
Kolesnichenko S. L., P.G.
Sapozhnikova N. Y.
Odessa National Academy Of Food Technology, Ukraine
Solving the problem of achieving the food safety of
population on the example of prepared apple sauce
The food safety of
population of Ukraine is becoming more important in the current environmental
conditions. The traditional technology of preserving plant food don’t meet the
modern safety requirements for the end-products and should be improved.
An important aspect of
producing of safe preserved food is the maximum removal of pesticides residues,
heavy metals and other chemical substances from the raw materials. Pesticides are the most harmful substances
to human health.
Pesticides are the group
of chemical or biological substances, used for eleminating mosquitoes, rodents,
grasses, causative agents of plant diseases and other plant pests. Their
classification depends on their industrial application, the way of penetration
into the human organism, chemical characteristics and mutagenicity [1, 2]. If
pesticides penetrate into the cells of plants or animals, they change the
physicochemical property of the cells, react with proteins and other cell constituents,
and as a result they cause their precipitation, the inactivation of enzymes, upset their metabolism and finally the
cells die. Besides
being toxical, pesticides increase the risk of
cancer. Some of organochlorine pesticides can upset the structure of human
genome and damage the reproductive function. They have mutogenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic
properties [3 - 5].
The spread of pesticides
depends both on the properties of chemical substances and on the particularities
of crops. The adipoceres and lipids of apple peel provide the strong retention
of chemical substances on the surface of the peel or in the apple peel. This
explains the fact that the total amount of pesticide doesn’t decrease significantly
during washing.
In order to identify the
toxicity level of raw materials and to find the ways of achieving the safety of
products or prepared foods we have done biotesting. It is a perspective method of analytical control of the general pollution of samples.
Daphnia magna Straus (the most common zooplanktont ) have been
chosen as the standards [7]. Daphnia magna Straus are filter feeders, which are sensitive to
toxic agents. They introduce into cells easily. They are resistant in vitro and
have a big complex of test reactions and short – term life cycle. The last of
these properties allows to control the consequences of toxin effect even in low
concentration during the life of many generations [6, 7].
Using Daphnia for biotesting is conventional
method, used for broad studying the toxicity of different chemical substances.
Biotesting is based on
the determination of changes in survival and fertility of Daphnia influenced by toxic agents, which are in the samples under
research in comparison with the control samples ( tap water).
The samples for analysis
– the aqueous extracts of the apple peel, the apple pulp and the apple sauce
produced according to the traditional technology (with obligatory thermal
treatment at 95 ± 2 °С, during 5…15 min) [8] and the apple sauce produced according to the cold
extraction were prepared as described by ISO 10706:2000 [6].
Biotesting during 96 h
showed the acute toxicity of samples № 1, № 3 (Fig. 1) by survival index. The acute toxicity for Daphnia is exposed in complex of symptoms,
which we can control visually. They can be lethality rate (immobilization,
settling on the bottom of the flask, convulsions, death), reflex behaviouristic
reactions (tumultuary motion of Daphnia,
spinning motion), abatement of heart rate, miscarriage. The criterion of
toxicity is the death of 50 per cent of
Daphnia
or more within 96 h.
50
– 90 % - acute toxicity 10 – 50 % - medium toxicity < 10 % - low toxicity
Fig. 1.
Toxicity level of samples: 1 - the apple peel, 2 - the apple pulp, 3 - the
apple sauce (traditional technology), 4 – the cold extraction
Fertility loss and the
death of 8 per cent of substantially weak
Daphnia, show low toxicity of
samples № 2, № 4. Definitely, it is the effect of low concentrations of toxicants. The
low toxicity of the samples can be explained partial penetration of the
chemical substances into the pulp during the process of vegetation and storage.
Our assumption is proved by a number of researches [1 - 5].
Biotesting with Daphnia magna Straus has led to determine the toxicity of raw
materials and has showen that the apple peel is 12.25 times as toxic as the
apple pulp. There has been studied the effect of the method of apple sauce producing
on the decrease of pesticide residue and other chemical substances.
There has been showen
that using the cold extraction for raw materials makes pesticide residue 8.75 times
less in comparison with the traditional technology.
The research conducted
above substantiate and confirm the necessity and possibility of renunciation
from the traditional technology in favour of the cold extraction for the
produce of apple sauce in order to achieve the food safety of population.
Literature
1. Антонович
Е. А. Качество продуктов питания в
условиях химизации сельского хозяйства/ Е. А Антонович, Л. К. Седокур. - Киев:
Урожай, 1990. – 237 с.
2. Справочник
работника лаборатории консервного завода / С. Ю. Гельфанд, Э. В. Дьяконова, Т. Н. Медведева. – М,: Агропромиздат,
1990. - 176 с., ил.
3. Endocrine disrupting pesticides: a leading
cause of cancer among rural people in Pakistan / Sohail Ejaz, Waseem Akram a. o. // Experimental oncology. – 2004. - № 262. – P. 98 - 105.
4. Донченко Л. В. Безопастность пищевого сырья и продуктов питания / Л.В. Донченко, В.Д. Надыкта. - М., 1999. - 325 с.
5. European Commission (2002). Monitoring of pesticide residues in products
of plant origin in the European Union (1990 to 2020 reports)/ Brussels: The Food and Veterinary
Office of the European Commission.
6. ISO 10706:2000. Water quality – determination of
long term toxicity of substances to Daphnia magna Straus.
7. Nauman E. Daphnia magna Straus als
Versuchtiere // Kgl. Fysiog. Saliskap, Lund forhunde. – 1933. V. 3, № 2. – P. 25 – 34.
8. Справочник
технолога плодоовощного производства/Составитель: Куницына М. Санкт-Петербург.-
Спб: ПрофиКС. – 2001.- 478 с.