c.f.s., Asanov
K.D.
Sources and stages of the formation acceptance of aytys
As from ancient timeses, the poetical art is expressed in spoken forms, where kazakh folk tells its history, traditions and understanding the sense to lifes. Folk expresses all this by means of varied genres: canto, proverbs and sayings, fairy tales and epose.
Notable one of the
genres - aytys, about which will go the speech further. Aytys - a poetical
dispute, participation in which was perceived, as affair of honour for each the
poet and composer. Later none of holiday was not conducted without aytys. Akyns
argued in the middle people, divided on two groups, each of which presented
"party" one of the àêyns, usually this was relatives. The most
talented and the most witty, and certainly, winner was considered one, was able
to outargue its enemy by deep arguments so that he will not find the words for
answer. The Winner reward the different thing, which people can present him,
but the main prizes - a glory and confession.
The Traditional
kazakh art - aytys age was accumulling and translated the spiritual experience
of the generations. The Communication functions of this type art in synchronous
(between creator and listener), receivership and timeless (the relationship
with socral) aspect were realized due to its spesific to nature. Traditional
kazakh aytys rich, possesses the complex structure, system organization that
has allowed him on length of the ages to reflect the changing history experience
of folk and evolve together with him. The History of its origin is not studied.
About than witness the word of the compilers of the book "Aytys",for
1966 in the publishers "ZHazushy": "Aytys is one of the base of
the genres kazakh spoken public creative activity, having its place, history of
the origin and developments. From history of the worldwide literature known
that tradition aytys before revolution developed on miscellaneous level. Beside
folk of the Ancient Orient (the India, Iran, Arabia) and in state of the
medieval Europe (the frenchmans,germans, slavyanes) dominated so named orator
speech, but this far from aytys. The Study of specifics, histories of the
origin and developments aytysà on
today is one of the actual problems, costing before us" [1].
The Writer
S.Mukanov in its article "About aytys " only emphasizes that "
Aytys - one of the the most largest type kazakh spoken public creative
activity, taking begin with ancient timeses. From the known aytys before XX age
("Badik", "Fervour-fervour", "Akbala-Bozdak and
etc.") before our days only their smaller amount" [2].
Even
M.Zharmuhamedov, all-round explored way of the development aytys, the first
written scientific labour about this type art is limited that that "Big
place in spoken literature of the second half XIX v. occupied the lyrical canto
an àêyns (the fat,
sulphur) and aytys - a competitions in improvisation song. Aytys was conducted
publicly, before folk, shown and listener and critic. The Canto wrote impromptu
and performed their themselves akyns. Masterskoe performance, well-aimed
expressions, resourcefulness, poetical talent àêyns away the listeners, caused the delight
beside one, hate beside others.The Canto aytys were different from song, having
ready text. The Skill quickly, in poetical form to find the answer, proof of
its rightness, rebuff the enemy, find his(its) weaknesses, provide in confusion
- a remarkable art was inherent only big talent, having big experience and
skills but improvisation. In XIX v. nearly all akyns entered in public
competitions. The most skilful, talent akyns
like Orynbay, Shozhe, Suyumbay, Birzhan, Dzhambul, Mykot, Aset and other
have got the public confession. Successfully emerged in aytys àêyns-women - Sara,
Aksulu, Manat, Bolyk, Ryszhan. In competition, where they participated, were
often put questions of the liberation of the womans.
Though aytys in the second half XX age and before
classical form as "Birzhan-Sara", but appeared he not immediately. He
grew, developed, became the long years, even age. And this pertains to all
genre spoken folk. The Source aytysà are a home canto, traditional wedding canto (the
Fervour-fervour), spirituals (Badik) or canto in the manner of wish- baht on holiday
Nauryz. The Themes, artistic forms song-competitions were more varied. So, for
instance, in aytysàõ
Maykota with Kulmambet opened life and labour of kazakh folk, in aytys Birzhan
and Sara - a liberty to personalities. The Canto-competitions Dzhambul with
Sarybas was songing feats batyrs. hIn some aytysàõ àêyns
convicted the abuses to tsarist administration.Specifically stand out on its
ideal and artistic quality aytys Dzhambula with àêkyns Kulmambet and Sarybas. In these aytys
Dzhambul tried to show the necessities of folk, songing feats batyrs, fought
for interests of folk. One of the important particularities aytys consisted in
that that competed akyns showing of
the abuse, greed, stinginess bays of the managers of the sort, to which
belonged to its adversary. Eventually turned out to be áàys and executives
of both sides.Big spreading has got aytys Birzhan and Sary, diversified by high
poetical skill, wealth and figurativeness of the language. Both àêyn glorified the
liberation of the women, poetical talent, fairness, humanity. Of
course, not all aytys were shown high artistic, many of them carried the local
nature. Aytys Kuderi, Kalybay and others, propagandizing religious ideas,
praised the prophet; they very low and on its artistic level. For their aytysîâ characteristic of
lauding sort of.The Genre aytys has rendered the positive influence upon
development kazakh spoken creative activity. He else more has sharpened, has
deepened and has developed the improvisation art and poetical skill àêyns. The Separate
sample aytys though and were in many are penetrated patriarchal-feudal
ideology, concerned the essential questions to public life êàzakhs for end XIX
and at the beginning initially XX c. alongside with àêyns –improvisatours in aytys took part and poets - a representatives of the written
literature. They competed in composition verse, sending letter to each
other" [3].
Taking into
consideration opinions of the researchers-liters, follows to do the following
findings, the initial element aytys. To contents home song "Badik",
"Fervour-fervour" as type oldest aytys, possible expect that aytys
appeared then, when on kazakh land only-only beginning to spread the religion
of the islam. On this thought push into and examples from jyrs
"Badik", where often meet the word "Mecca",
"Allah", "Kuday", expressing islamic of the notion.
The Communication
act in cayimdasu (the contact) will comply with the general scheme of the
transmission to information in all type aytysà: sender of the message - a message - a
grantee of the message, realizing functions of the coding, translations and
decode to information.
Specifically
brightly denominated traditions and áûò kazakh folk in aytyså dzhigit and girls - a fervour-fervour:
Dzhigit:
To will make the feast, fervour-fervour!
Kobylicu fat itself on send-off has forced kill, fervour-fervour!
Here
is turns out to be as it is necessary to abandon the native centre,
fervour-fervour!
The
Girl:
Do Not want to redden that's why that can not find I
words,fervour-fervour!
If custom beside us such a, fervour-fervour!
That me to lag behind from all fervour-fervour?! [4].
The Words aytysà "Fervour-fervour" there is instrument
global thinkings, base of the public
folklore and art of the word as a whole - a most deep expression of the
internal world of the person, his(its) äóõîâíîñòè, feeling beautiful. Here and joy at birth
child, and love of the parents to its äåòÿì, love to native land, house, and respect senior and
etc. For instance, here is that sings the girl before married:
Where find me paradise terrestrial,
the fervour-fervour!
Not to find me land such native, fervour-fervour!
Although good my will ñâåêð,
the fervour-fervour!
But will change he father,
the fervour-fervour!
Or this:
Strong he embraces the hand.
the fervour-fervour!
Gentile he speaks me verse.
the fervour-fervour!
The Heart as steppe in him: ðàñïàõíóòî wide open.
the fervour-fervour!
The Red tulip colour from my happiness.
the fervour-fervour!
The Expressions
"classical ballet and classical music to India", "performer
classical ìugama",
" pansory - a genre of the classical music to Koreas" - nobody does
not surprise west, where notion "classical" is used in his(its) ñòðîãîì sense: classical
is an art, in which high and complex contents and his(its) form are found in
ideal correspondence to. But therefore indian ðàãà, arabic poppy, iranian dasts, japanese
music Gagaku, korean ïàíñîðè and
others, developed without notes, are a classical art. If get up on standpoint
of the civilized world, that heritage our limit, professional to spoken
tradition - aytys, lyrical canto - it is high time acknowledge classical art.
The most ancient type of aytys are considered aytysû between alive and dead, person and
animal, between beast and subject and etc. About than witnesses the scientific
labour M.Zharmuhamedov "Way of the development aytys", where as
example he brings aytysû
"Akbala and Bozdak", "Aymanday and Babas", which clear
reflect áûò,
custom and traditions of kazakh folk in antiquities. Though in the following
were there contributed change and additions these aytys before present-day days
have not forfeited its initial spirit to antiquities [3].
On the
last mass media data was performed 6000 years what appeared the kazakh national
music instrument - dombyra. Certainly, this fact requires the scientific
motivation hereinafter though the known that
age, in timeses Korkyt-àòà already
existed êîáûç.
Korkyt is considered by progenitor kazakh music art.
We
not accidentally concerned the said fact, beside each folk transmission canto
since, tunes was accompanied some music instrument. Kazakh for like of the
event used such music instruments as dombyra, êîbyz. Definable when appeared the public
music instruments, possible expect when arose that or other song, tune, êþé or aytys. In
aytysàõ and òîëãàó was basically
used dombyra. Also possible was meet
and êîbyz (Ketbugy, Kodan, ZHanak, Tubek).
What has noted M.Gabdullin: "in antiquities êîãäàó kazakh folk was
not an art letter, the main genre spoken public creative activity was
aytys" [5].
He
comes to such output: "Aytys - a competition kazakh public singer (the àêûíîâ). Svoeobraznyy
songing dialogue, uchastnbki which try to exceed each other in performance
song. Aytys, came in life folk, conclude in itself elements of the dramatic
action, develop the art to improvisation (the canto are written impromptu),
speech culture. Were they Olden days conducted in solemn situation, in colorful
kostyumah. kazakh aytys to the ful expresses the life, áûò folk, he appeared
then, when was not a systems of writing. Its have generated and have developed
akyns. So was and beside kirghiz, turkmen, caracalpaks, therefore they had a
similar condition áûòà,
facilities and public life as a whole" [5].
The
elements acceptance cayimdasu take its begin with such cognitive aytys as
"Badik", "Fervour-fervour", "Alive and dead",
"Person and animal" and have got the successful continuation in such
social-philosophical as "Aytys djigits
and girls", "Aytys religion", "Aytys-riddle".
Such elements do not meet In modern type aytys. In
competition akyns XX ctntury of such
form dominate little. On the present moment some modern akyns try to
reconstruct elements of aytys, but in most cases this can far from turn out to
be the original of this genre.
Using literature
1 Aytys. 1-tom. Almaty. Zhazushy. 1988.
2
Aytys. 3- tom. Almaty. Zhazushy. 1966.
3
Zharmuhamedov M. Aytystyn damu zholdary. Almaty. Gylym. 1976.
4
Kumisbayev O. Til orge basu ushin ogan korik kerek. Ana tili gazeti. ¹52. 2008.