Annotation – To produce high technological production is
necessary to more develop the manufacturing process control. We need another
approach to metrological assurance of production when we elaborate or perfect a
system of quality management in accordance with ISO 9000 standards.
Key words – metrological assurance, control.
I. Introduction
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n important source
of the growth of production efficiency is a constant increase of technical
level and quality of output production. Any enterprise is a system. And it is a
controlled system. As an enterprise is an open system with flows of substance
and energy, it maintains a high equivalent of exchange only if it works right
in a system of higher level. A tough functional integration of all elements
characterizes technical systems. So, there are not secondary elements that can
be designed or manufactured with low quality. Thus, as a result of a
contemporary level of scientific technical progress, requirements to the
technical level and quality of goods as well as to their separate elements have
become significantly tougher. System approach
allow us to choose objectively scales and directions of production control,
kinds of goods, forms and methods of production to provide the best effect of efforts
and means, expended to increase quality of products. System approach to improving
quality of output goods allow us to lay the scientific foundations of production
control at industrial enterprises and in associations.
II. Task
The
main conditions of system development of production control are:
a) a model of
behaviour of controlled object or a given, planned level of parameters of its
condition;
b) an unstable model
of the object in relation to a program and given parameters, that is the object
should not deviate from the given program or planned values of parameters;
c) methods and means
to reveal and measure deviation parameters of the object from the given program
or values of parameters;
d) a possibility to
impact parameters of the object to eliminate any deviations.
Considering
initial conditions of possible application of main principles of general theory
of control and scheme of control mechanism to organize works on quality, we can
draw a diagram of control mechanism of production. Quality programs with established
parameter values may be a part of all possible state plans and programs, plans
of planning and design organizations, production unions of enterprises and treaty
commitments. Quality drivers is defined in a process of bargains and commodity
exchanges and other commodity forms of movement of goods.
Requirements
to quality is established and fixed in normative documents: state, sectoral, company
standards, specification of production, technical tasks on designing or
upgrading of goods, in designs, technological charts and regulations, quality
control charts etc.
A
deviation of production quality from given parameters happens, as a rule, to a
worse direction and has as general as private symptoms. The general symptoms
are physical and moral wear of production, that is a loss of initial
characteristics in process of using and storing up of goods.
Instability
and changeability of quality are not only the physical and moral wear. There
are so called private deviations of quality from established requirements. They
are very different and brought about not economic and technical reasons, but
external conditions. These conditions include infringement of rules and
conditions of using, errors of people who elaborate production and producers, a
breach of industrial discipline, defects of production equipment etc.
Instability of quality that is caused by private deviations from given
parameters has an accidental character. We can expect the time of appearance of
these deviations only with certain degree of probability.
There
are more factors that impact instability of quality estimates. There are instability and changeability of needs.
Parametres of production can exactly correspond to standard and technical
documentation, but requirements of consumers are changing and quality is
getting worse. Consequently, quality is a constant unstable object. This is the
objective reality and we should it into account. Thus, quality satisfies just
second condition of the general theory of control.
III. Theory
In
their practical activity people can observe the process of loss of quality
characteristics, measure and estimate these changes. To slow down the process
of physical wear we establish favourable operation regimes and storage
conditions and use different preventive measures to provide technical service
and current repair. If poor quality is over admissible values the capital
repair is carried out. Organizing any rational and effective work to achieve
quality people always followed the next scheme:
a) defining of
necessity and requirements to production quality (a plan, a program of quality);
b) giving necessary
characteristics to the basic material (fulfillment a plan, a program of
quality);
c) quality conformance
inspection to the requirements (identification of deviations) or verification
of conformances;
d) impact to remove
deviations of acquired quality from given quality (feedback coupling).
Taking
this point of view about sequence of actions to achieve quality we can reveal
an important phenomenon for all the philosophy of scientific works about quality.
The phenomenon is the unity and organic combination of direct and back connections
of all actions, associated with using (consumption) of production.
Conditions
of quality assurance are more numerous. They include characteristics of
production process: its character, intensity, regularity of the pace and
duration; ñlimatic condition of the environment
and industrial premises; interior and production design; material and moral
stimuli; moral and psychological climate; organization of information service
and equipping level of the workplace; condition of social and material
environment of workers.
Deviations
from given parameters of quality may be revealed at the stage of comparison and
decision-making. In this case at the stage of the impact we aim efforts at
factors or conditions or their combination to eliminate these deviations.
Measures of the impact depend on the character and quantity of quality
deviations as well as on efficiency of any possible options of eliminations of
deviations.
The
objective quantitative information about the state of production quality and
the condition of the industrial process at all stages is a basis for managerial
decision-making. This information is necessary to establish, assure and
maintain an appropriate level of production quality. At the modern level of
production main sources of the information are measurements. The technology of
the up-to-date research and production activity is continuously getting more
complicated. Under such conditions measuring means perform an important role.
Inaccurate measurements can cause irreversible losses of the materials,
equipment and money. As a result of intensive growth of automation of production
processes and increase of the requirements to the accuracy of technological and
managerial decisions the accuracy and reliability of measurements are getting
especially actual. And assurance of uniformity and accuracy of measurements is
requirement of reliability of all technological information and a decisive
factor to decide the problem of quality control.
Metrological
assurance of production plays an important role in ensuring of uniformity of
measurements. The task of metrological assurance is to organize a measuring
process and guarantee reliability of results. In an enterprise metrological assurance
is an important part of generalized system of quality control. This part includes
measures to increase production quality by means of introduction of more
progressive and modern methods and means of measurements, assurance of
necessary accuracy of measurements as well as coordination and methodical
control of works, assuring uniformity and reliability of measurements.
Metrological assurance is a functional part of control system of production. It
performs a task to organize and technically coordinate of metrological activity
that is carried out in other functional parts at all stages of production.
Therefore not only metrological service, but practically all departments of an
enterprise take part in decision-making of metrological service.
Organizing
of metrological assurance in enterprise is regulated by some international,
national and sectoral recommendations. There are international document OIML D
16 “Principles of assurance of metrological control”, metrological recommendations
MI 2117-90 “Recommendations. Organizing of metrological assurance when ISO 9000
standards are introduced”, MI 2116-90 “Recommendation. Analysis and evaluation
of metrological assurance of an enterprise when ISO standards are introduced”,
MI 2240-92 “Analysis of condition of measurements, control and tests at an
enterprise, in the organization and association. Working procedure” etc.
The
higher level of concentration, specialization and organizing of production the
higher a level of control system and, consequently, the mechanism to provide
effective functioning of metrological assurance of at enterprise is more difficult.
The
following figure schematically illustrates interconnection of metrological assurance.
Figure 1 – Scheme of interconnection of metrological assurance and
system of production control
IV. Conclusions
Thus,
the measuring system is a basis of metrological systems of assurance and
control. And information carriers of this system are real parameters. We can
decide the problem of quality control only by elaboration appropriate mathematical
models of metrological systems of assurance and production control.
Bibliography
[1] Yenin, A. N. Conversion to standards ISO
9000: 2000. Action program / A. N. Yenin, Yu. A. Palchun // Actual problems of
metrology. Sibmetrology:tr. of 3 Sib. theoretical and practical conference. –
Novosibirsk, 2001. – P. 45 – 48.
[2] MI 2117-90. Recommendation. Organizing of
metrological assurance when ISO 9000 standards are introduced – M., 1990.
[3] Generalized mathematical model of systems
of quality management of enterprises / Yu. A. Palchun, V. I. Seryh, A. N.
Yenin, G. G. Yegiazaryan, I. B. Yelistratova // Actual problems of electronic
instrument making: materials of VI International conference. – Novosibirsk,
2004. – V. 4. – P. 298 – 305.