Ôèçèêà/Òåîðåòè÷åñêàÿ ôèçèêà.
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÀß ÏÐÈÐÎÄÀ ÔÎÐÌÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß
ÏÅÐÈÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÇÀÊÎÍÎÌÅÐÍÎÑÒÅÉ È ÌÀÒÅÌÀÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß ÌÎÄÅËÜ ÏÐÈÍÖÈÏÀ ÏÎÑÒÐÎÅÍÈß
ÏÅÐÈÎÄÈ×ÅÑÊÈÕ ÒÀÁËÈÖ ÝËÅÌÅÍÒΠÍÀ ÈÕ ÎÑÍÎÂÅ.
ÏÎËÍÀß ÝÍÅÐÃÈß ÈÎÍÈÇÀÖÈÈ ÀÒÎÌÎÂ.
ê.õ.í. Ôåäîðîâ Ñ.Â.
Ñàíêò-Ïåòåðáóðãñêèé ãîñóäàðñòâåííûé
ïîëèòåõíè÷åñêèé óíèâåðñèòåò,
Ðîññèÿ.
 ðàáîòå [1] äàíà èíòåðïðåòàöèÿ ïîíÿòèÿ
ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ âîäîðîäà,
; , (1)
ãäå n = f – 1 ,
ïðè÷åì f = 2, ….. , 7
– ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð ïåðèîäà ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà (â
äàëüíåéøåì ñèìâîë f äëÿ ïðîñòîòû íàïèñàíèÿ ôîðìóë áóäåì îïóñêàòü); .
Óìíîæàÿ ëåâóþ è ïðàâóþ ÷àñòè âòîðîãî ðàâåíñòâà èç (1)
íà 2 äëÿ íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ ïîëó÷èì
, (2) ãäå ñâÿçàíî
ðàâåíñòâîì [1-3]
(3)
ãäå ïðèíÿëè .
Â
ðàáîòàõ [1-3] òàêæå ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî
(4) Ðåøàÿ ñîâìåñòíî
(2) è (4) ïîñëå íåîáõîäèìûõ ïðåîáðàçîâàíèé, ïîëó÷èì
; èëè , (5)
ãäå ïðè n >1; ðàçëîæèëè â ðÿä.
Óðàâíåíèå (5) ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü
(6) Íå òðóäíî çàìåòèòü,
÷òî êîýôôèöèåíò, çàêëþ÷åííûé â ñêîáêè, ïðàâîé ÷àñòè ðàâåíñòâà (6)
(7)
 ýòîì
ñëó÷àå ëåâàÿ ÷àñòü ðàâåíñòâà (6) ñâÿçàíà ñîîòíîøåíèåì
(1`)
Ïåðâûé ñîìíîæèòåëü
ðàâåíñòâà (6) ïðåäñòàâèì â
îáîáùåííîé ôîðìå
(8)
 ïîñëåäíåì ðàâåíñòâå íåîáõîäèìî çàìåòèòü, ÷òî . Ýòî çíà÷èò, ÷òî çíà÷åíèå
n â ÷èñëèòåëå îòíîøåíèÿ , âîîáùå ãîâîðÿ, íå ðàâíî çíà÷åíèþ n çíàìåíàòåëÿ. Ïîýòîìó çíà÷åíèå n â ÷èñëèòåëå ìîæíî îáîçíà÷èòü ÷åðåç , à çíà÷åíèå n â çíàìåíàòåëå
÷åðåç . Ó÷èòûâàÿ ýòî ìîæíî çàïèñàòü
(9) Ïðè ñòðåìëåíèè â (9) ê íóëþ, çíàìåíàòåëü ýòîãî îòíîøåíèÿ òîæå ñòðåìèòñÿ ê íóëþ, ò.ê. ñàìî îòíîøåíèå (9) ðàâíÿåòñÿ åäèíèöå. Ýòî âûòåêàåò èç óðàâíåíèÿ (8).Ñëåäîâàòåëüíî, ìîæíî çàïèñàòü
(10)
Ðàçäåëèâ ëåâûå è ïðàâûå ÷àñòè ðàâåíñòâà (6) ïîïîëàì,
íàõîäèì
(11)
 ôóíêöèè (11) ââåëè îáîçíà÷åíèÿ
, (12) ÷òî ïðèâîäèò
ê çàâèñèìîñòè
(13)
 ðàâåíñòâå (13) n ìåíÿåòñÿ îò 1 äî 7, ò.å n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Êàæäîìó çíà÷åíèþ n îòâå÷àåò ñâîÿ
ãðóïïà ðàâåíñòâ:
n = 1
èëè
(14)
(15)
Àíàëîãè÷íûå ðàñ÷åòû ìîæíî ïðîâåñòè íà áàçå äðóãèõ çíà÷åíèé n.
n = 4
(16)
(17)
×òîáû ïåðåéòè â ðàâåíñòâàõ (16), (17) ê ðåïåðíûì
ðàäèóñàì íåîáõîäèìî ÷èñëèòåëü (14,75)
óìíîæèòü íà îòíîøåíèå äëÿ ÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ
è äëÿ íå÷åòíûõ
ðàäèóñîâ. Ïðè ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîé ïîäñòàíîâêå â âûøåóêàçàííûå îòíîøåíèÿ ÷èñëà n = 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 ïîëó÷èì ñèñòåìó ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíî
ìåíÿþùèõñÿ ðåïåðíûõ ÷åòíûõ è íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ.
n = 1; ;
(18)
n = 2
(19)
n = 3
(20)
n = 4
(21)
n = 5
(22)
n = 6
(23)
n = 7
(24)
Ñîîòíîøåíèÿ (18) – (24) ëåãëè
â îñíîâó ñîñòàâëåíèÿ äâóõ ñèñòåì ïðîïîðöèé,
îäíà èç êîòîðûõ îáðàçîâàíà íà áàçå ÷åòíûõ ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ, âòîðàÿ íà áàçå
íå÷åòíûõ ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ.
I - ñèñòåìà ïðîïîðöèé íà áàçå ÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ
(25)
II - ñèñòåìà ïðîïîðöèé íà áàçå íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ
(26)
,
 ðàáîòå [1] áûëî ïîêàçàíî, ÷òî ïîëíîå
÷èñëî ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöå Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà âûòåêàåò èç óðàâíåíèÿ
, (27) ãäå m = 1, 2, 3 ….; Zm = 118 ïðè m = 2.
Èç (27) âèäíî, ÷òî ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ òàáëèöà
Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîñòàâíîé, ñîñòîÿùåé èç äâóõ ïðîñòûõ òàáëèö, êàæäàÿ èç
êîòîðûõ ñîäåðæèò ïî 59 ýëåìåíòîâ (Zm = 1 =59).
Äëÿ ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà ýëåìåíòû ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå
«èíåðòíûì ãàçàì» ïðèíèìàþò ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà â êîíöå ïåðèîäà Zp - = 1;
9; Zp+ = 27; 59;, ïðè÷åì ïåðâàÿ è âòîðàÿ ïàðû çíà÷åíèé Zp-; Zp+ ñâÿçàíû ñ óðàâíåíèåì [1]
(28)
ñîîòíîøåíèÿìè
; , (29)
ãäå ÷èñëî ïåðèîäîâ â ïðîñòîé òàáëèöå m = 1 â óðàâíåíèå (28). Ñðàçó ïîä÷åðêèâàåì, ÷òî ÷èñëî
ïåðèîäîâ â ñîñòàâíîé òàáëèöå Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà , ãäå , çíà÷åíèÿ (-2) è (0) íå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ, ò.ê. îíè äóáëèðóþò
çíà÷åíèÿ . Íà îñíîâàíèè âûøå ïðèâåäåííûõ ïàð çíà÷åíèé Zp - = 1; 9; Zp+ = 27; 59 óñòàíàâëèâàåì ÷èñëî ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ
ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà
I – 1; II – 8; III – 18; IV – 32.
Âûøå óêàçàííûå ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ
ïðîñòîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà âûòåêàþò èç ïðîïîðöèè ñèñòåìû ïðîïîðöèé (25).
Ïðèíöèï ðàñ÷åòà ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ ïðîñòûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì,
îòëè÷íûõ îò ïðîñòîé ñèñòåìû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà
ïðåäñòàâëåí òàáëèöàìè 1 è 2.
Òàáëèöà 1
Ðàñ÷åò ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ ïðîñòûõ
ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì íà îñíîâå ÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ.
n |
Ñîîòíîøåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ
÷åòíûìè ðàäèóñàìè.
|
×èñëî
ýëåìåíòîâ â
ïåðèîäå |
Âñåãî ýëåìåí-òîâ â ïåðèîäå |
1 |
|
1; 2; 6; 8 |
17 |
2 |
|
1; 4; 10; 16 |
31 |
3 |
|
1; 6; 14; 24 |
45 |
4 |
|
1; 8; 18; 32 |
59 |
5 |
|
1; 10; 22; 40 |
73 |
6 |
|
1; 12; 26; 48 |
87 |
7 |
|
1;14;30; 56; |
101 |
Òàáëèöà 2
Ðàñ÷åò ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ ïðîñòûõ
ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì íà îñíîâå íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ.
n |
Ñîîòíîøåíèÿ, ñâÿçàííûå ñ
íå÷åòíûì ðàäèóñîì.
|
×èñëî
ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäå |
Âñåãî ýëåìåí- òîâ â ïåðèîäå |
1 |
|
1; 3; 10; 12 |
26 |
2 |
|
1; 5; 14; 20 |
40 |
3 |
|
1; 7; 18; 28 |
54 |
4 |
|
1; 9; 22; 36 |
68 |
5 |
|
1; 11; 26; 44 |
82 |
6 |
|
1; 13; 30; 52 |
96 |
Íà áàçå ðàñ÷åòíûõ äàííûõ òàáëèö 1 è 2 ïðîâåëè ñèñòåìàòèçàöèþ ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ
ïî ïåðèîäàì â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ïðîñòûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåìàõ, ïðèâåäåííûõ â òàáëèöàõ
3, 4.
Òàáëèöà 3
Ïðîñòûå
ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû ýëåìåíòîâ, âûòåêàþùèå èç ñèñòåìû ïðîïîðöèé (25)
Íîìåð
ïåðèîäà |
Ïîðÿäêîâûé
íîìåð ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì, âûòåêàþùèõ èç
ïðîïîðöèé (25) |
||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
I |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
II |
2 |
4 |
6 |
8 |
10 |
12 |
14 |
III |
6 |
10 |
14 |
18 |
22 |
26 |
30 |
IV |
8 |
16 |
24 |
32 |
40 |
48 |
56 |
Âñåãî |
17 |
31 |
45 |
59 |
73 |
87 |
101 |
Òàáëèöà 4
Ïðîñòûå ïåðèîäè÷åñêèå ñèñòåìû
ýëåìåíòîâ, âûòåêàþùèå èç ñèñòåìû ïðîïîðöèé (26)
Íîìåð ïåðèîäà |
Ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ ñèñòåì, âûòåêàþùèõ
èç ïðîïîðöèé (26) |
||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|
I |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
(1) |
II |
3 |
5 |
7 |
9 |
11 |
13 |
(15) |
III |
10 |
14 |
18 |
22 |
26 |
30 |
(34) |
IV |
12 |
20 |
28 |
36 |
44 |
52 |
(60) |
Âñåãî |
26 |
40 |
54 |
68 |
82 |
96 |
(110) |
Ôàêòè÷åñêîå ðàñïîëîæåíèå
ýëåìåíòîâ (íîìåðîâ ïî ïîðÿäêó) ïî ïåðèîäàì ñèñòåì 1 â òàáëèöàõ 3, 4
ïðåäñòàâëåíî â òàáëèöàõ 5, 6
Òàáëèöà 5
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì â ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ
17
Íîìåð ïåðèîäà |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîðÿäêîâûõ
íîìåðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû, ïîñòðîåííîé íà
áàçå ÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ (ñì. òàáë. 3; n = 1) |
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I |
1 |
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II |
2 |
3 |
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III |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
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IV |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
Òàáëèöà 6
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïî
ïåðèîäàì â ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 26.
Íîìåð ïåðèîäà |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîðÿäêîâûõ
íîìåðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû, ïîñòðîåííîé íà
áàçå íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ (ñì.òàáë. 4; n = 1) |
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I |
1 |
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II |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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III |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
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IV |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
Äëÿ ñîñòàâíûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö ñ ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 34 è 52, ïîñòðîåííûõ íà áàçå ÷åòíûõ è íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ ðàññìîòðåí ïîðÿäîê èõ ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïî ïåðèîäàì â òàáëèöàõ 7, 8, ñîîòâåòñòâåííî.
Òàáëèöà 7
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïî
ïåðèîäàì â ñîñòàâíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 34
Ïåðèîäû |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîðÿäêîâûõ
íîìåðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ñîñòàâíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû, ïîñòðîåííîé íà
áàçå ÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ
|
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I |
1 |
2 |
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II |
3 |
4 |
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III |
5 |
6 |
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IV |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
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V |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
|
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VI |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
VII |
27 |
28 |
29 |
30 |
31 |
32 |
33 |
34 |
Íåîáõîäèìî îòìåòèòü, ÷òî ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð
ýëåìåíòà â òàáëèöå 7 ñîâïàäàåò ñ ÷èñëîì ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ, íà áàçå êîòîðûõ
ïîñòðîåí äàííûé ýëåìåíò. Ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà ýëåìåíòîâ, çàìûêàþùèõ ïåðèîäû
(âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì â òàáëèöå 7)
ðàññ÷èòûâàþòñÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèé
n = 1 (÷åòíûå ðàäèóñû òàáëèöû 1)
(30)
ãäå
çíà÷åíèÿ , âçÿòûå â ñêîáêàõ,
íå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ ò.ê. çíà÷åíèÿ (6) è (18) â ñèñòåìå ðàâåíñòâ (30) ïîâòîðÿþòñÿ.
Òàáëèöà
8
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì â ñîñòàâíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì
ýëåìåíòîâ 52.
Ïåðè- îäû |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ñîñòàâíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû, ïîñòðîåííîé íà áàçå íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ |
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I |
1 |
2 |
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II |
3 |
4 |
5 |
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III |
6 |
7 |
8 |
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IV |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
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V |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
25 |
26 |
27 |
28 |
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VI |
29 |
30 |
31 |
32 |
33 |
34 |
35 |
36 |
37 |
38 |
39 |
40 |
VII |
41 |
42 |
43 |
44 |
45 |
46 |
47 |
48 |
49 |
50 |
51 |
52 |
Ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà ýëåìåíòîâ, çàìûêàþùèõ
ïåðèîäû (âûäåëåííûå æèðíûì øðèôòîì â òàáëèöå 8) ðàññ÷èòûâàþòñÿ èç ñîîòíîøåíèé
(31)
,
ãäå
çíà÷åíèÿ , âçÿòûå â ñêîáêàõ,
íå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ ò.ê. çíà÷åíèÿ (8) è (28) â ñèñòåìå ðàâåíñòâ (31) ïîâòîðÿþòñÿ.
Îáîáùåíèåì ðåçóëüòàòîâ ðàñ÷åòîâ (30), (31) ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ ïðîñòûõ è ñîñòàâíûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèöàõ äëÿ ðàçíûõ çíà÷åíèé n =1,2, …,7 ïðèâåäåíû â òàáëèöàõ 9, 10.
Òàáëèöà 9
Ôîðìóëû äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ïðîñòûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö íà áàçå ÷åòíûõ è íå÷åòíûõ ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ âîäîðîäà.
n |
×åòíûå ðàäèóñû |
Íå÷åòíûå ðàäèóñû |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
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2 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
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4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 |
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Òàáëèöà 10
Ôîðìóëû äëÿ ðàñ÷åòà ñîñòàâíûõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö íà áàçå ÷åòíûõ è íå÷åòíûõ ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ âîäîðîäà.
n |
×åòíûå
ðàäèóñû |
Íå÷åòíûå
ðàäèóñû |
1 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
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2 |
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1 |
2 |
3 |
3 |
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4 |
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5 |
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6 |
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7 |
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Ïðè
àíàëèçå äàííûõ òàáëèöû 9 äëÿ ÷åòíûõ
ðàäèóñîâ ïðèõîäèì ê ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé
çàâèñèìîñòè ýëåìåíòîâ òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà, ïðåäñòàâëåííîé â òàáëèöå 11.
Òàáëèöà 11.
Ïðîñòàÿ
ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ òàáëèöà ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 17, ñîñòàâëåííîé ñîãëàñíî ìîäåëè
òàáëèöû 5 ñ ó÷åòîì âñåõ êâàíòîâûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïîñòðîåíèÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö
ïåðèîäû |
n |
l |
ml |
ms |
ñîñòîÿíèå |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïî
ïåðèîäàì ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé
ñèñòåìû ïî àíàëîãèè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ òàáëèöû 5 ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì
ýëåìåíòîâ 17 n = 1 (÷åòíûå ðàäèóñû) |
×èñëî ýëåìåíòîâ |
âñåãî |
|||||||
I |
1 |
0 |
0 |
±1/2 |
|
2 He |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
17 |
II |
2 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
3 Li |
4 Be |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
III |
|
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
5 B |
6 C |
|
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|
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6 |
|
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0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
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7 N |
8 O |
|
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|||
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|
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
9 F |
10 Ne |
|
|
|||
IV |
3 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
11 Na |
12 Mg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
13 Al |
14 Si |
|
|
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|
|||
|
|
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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15 P |
16 S |
|
|
|||
|
|
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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|
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17 Cl |
18 Ar |
Ïðè àíàëèçå äàííûõ òàáëèöû 9 äëÿ íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ ïðèõîäèì ê ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé
çàâèñèìîñòè ýëåìåíòîâ òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà, ïðåäñòàâëåííîé â òàáëèöå
12.
Òàáëèöà 12
Ïðîñòàÿ
ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ òàáëèöà ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 26, ñîñòàâëåííîé ñîãëàñíî ìîäåëè
òàáëèöû 6 ñ ó÷åòîì âñåõ êâàíòîâûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïîñòðîåíèÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö.
ïåðèîäû |
n |
l |
ml |
ms |
ñîñòîÿíèå |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ïðîñòîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ïî àíàëîãèè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ òàáëèöû 6 ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 26 n = 1 (íå÷åòíûå ðàäèóñû) |
âñåãî |
|||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
I |
I |
1 |
0 |
1/2 |
|
1 H |
|
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|
|
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|
1 |
II |
1 |
0 |
0 |
± 1/2 |
|
2 He |
|
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3 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
3 Li |
4 Be |
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||
III |
3 |
2 |
+2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
|
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|
10 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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23 V |
24 Cr |
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||||
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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25 Mn |
26 Fe |
|
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||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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27 Co |
28 Ni |
|
|
||||
-2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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29 Cu |
30 Zn |
||||
IV |
4 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
19 K |
20 Ca |
|
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12 |
2 |
+2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
39 Y |
40 Zr |
|
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|||
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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41 Nb |
42 Mo |
|
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0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
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43 Te |
44 Ru |
|
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||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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45 Rh |
46 Pd |
|
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||||
-2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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|
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
Òàáëèöû 11,12 ñîñòàâëåíû íà áàçå ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ýëåìåíòîâ Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà
è ó÷èòûâàþò ïîñëåäîâàòåëüíîñòü ðàñïîëîæåíèÿ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ ýëåìåíòîâ àíàëîãîâûõ
òàáëèö 5,6. Ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà ýëåìåíòîâ àíàëîãîâûõ òàáëèö, âîîáùå ãîâîðÿ, ìîãóò
íå ñîâïàäàòü ñ ïîðÿäêîâûìè íîìåðàìè ýëåìåíòîâ ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È.
Ìåíäåëååâà.
Ïðè àíàëèçå
ñèñòåì óðàâíåíèé òàáëèöû 10 äëÿ ÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ ïðèõîäèì ê ñîñòàâíîé
ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ýëåìåíòîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ òàáëèöåé Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà, ðàñïðåäåëåíèå
êîòîðûõ ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ òàáëèöåé 7. Ôîðìà çàïîëíåíèÿ ýëåìåíòîâ â ñîñòàâíîé òàáëèöå ïðèâåäåíà â òàáëèöå 13.
Òàáëèöà 13
Ñîñòàâíàÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ
òàáëèöà ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 34, ñîñòàâëåííîé ñîãëàñíî ìîäåëè òàáëèöû 7 ñ
ó÷åòîì âñåõ êâàíòîâûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïîñòðîåíèÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö.
ïåðèîäû |
n |
l |
ml |
ms |
ñîñòîÿíèå |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ñîñòàâíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ïî àíàëîãèè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ òàáëèöû 7 ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 34 n = 1 (÷åòíûå ðàäèóñû) |
âñåãî |
|||||||||
I |
I |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
; |
1 H |
2 He |
|
|
|
|
|
|
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2 |
II |
2 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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|
3 Li |
4 Be |
|
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|
2 |
III |
3 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
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11 Na |
12 Mg |
|
|
|
|
2 |
IV |
2 |
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
5 B |
6 C |
|
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6 |
|
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0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
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7 N |
8 O |
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||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
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9 F |
10 Ne |
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||||
V |
3 |
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
13 Al |
14 Si |
|
|
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|
|
6 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
15 P |
16 S |
|
|
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|
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|
||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
17 Cl |
18 Ar |
|
|
|
|
||||
VI |
4 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
33 As |
34 Se |
|
|
|
|
||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
35 Br |
36 Kr |
|
|
||||
VII |
5 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
8 |
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
49 In |
50 Sn |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
51 Sb |
52 Te |
|
|
|
|
||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
53 I |
54 Xe |
|
|
Ñîñòàâíàÿ
ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ òàáëèöà ñ ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 52, ïîñòðîåííàÿ íà áàçå íå÷åòíûõ ðàäèóñîâ
, ïðåäñòàâëåíà â òàáëèöå
14.
Òàáëèöà 14
Ñîñòàâíàÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêàÿ òàáëèöà ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 52, ñîñòàâëåííîé ñîãëàñíî ìîäåëè òàáëèöû 8 ñ ó÷åòîì âñåõ êâàíòîâûõ çàêîíîìåðíîñòåé ïîñòðîåíèÿ ïåðèîäè÷åñêèõ òàáëèö
ïåðèîäû |
n |
l |
ml |
ms |
ñîñòîÿíèå |
Ðàñïðåäåëåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ ïî ïåðèîäàì ñîñòàâíîé ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ïî àíàëîãèè ðàñïðåäåëåíèÿ ïîðÿäêîâûõ íîìåðîâ òàáëèöû 8 ñ îáùèì ÷èñëîì ýëåìåíòîâ 52 n = 1 (íå÷åòíûå ðàäèóñû) |
âñåãî |
|||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
I |
2 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
3 Li |
4 Be |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
II |
1 |
+1 0 |
+1/2;-1/2 +1/2; |
|
5 Â |
6 Ñ |
7 N |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
III |
0 -1 |
+1/2; +1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne |
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
||
IV |
4 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
19 K |
20 Ca |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
3 |
0 |
0
|
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
11 Na |
12 Mg |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
1 |
+1 0 |
+1/2;-1/2 +1/2 |
|
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
0 -1 |
+1/2; +1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
V |
|
2 |
+2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
23 V |
24 Cr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
|
|
|
|
||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 Co |
28 Ni |
|
|
||||
-2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
||||
VI |
5 |
0 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
2 |
+2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
39 Y |
40 Zr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
|
|
|
|
|
|
-2 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
|
VII |
4 |
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
33 As |
34 Se |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
35 Br |
36Kr |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
5 |
1 |
+1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
|
|
|
|
||
0 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
39 Y |
40 Zr |
|
|
||||
-1 |
+1/2;-1/2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
Èç ïðåîáðàçîâàíèÿ óðàâíåíèÿ (6), çàïèñàííîãî
â îáùåé ôîðìå âûòåêàåò ñèñòåìà ñîîòíîøåíèé
í÷/÷ò (n = 1) (n = 2) (n = 3)
(n = 4) (n = 5) (n = 6)
(32)
÷ò/í÷ (n = 2) (n = 3) (n = 4)
(33)
Èç
óðàâíåíèé (32) è (33) âûòåêàþò âàæíûå ñëåäñòâèÿ. Íàïðèìåð, íà áàçå ñîîòíîøåíèÿ,
ñâÿçàííîãî ñ ìîæíî çàïèñàòü
ðàâåíñòâî âèäà
(34)
Ðåøàÿ
óðàâíåíèå (34) îòíîñèòåëüíî - èìååì
(35)
Ïóñòü
ôóíêöèÿ , çàâèñèò îò ïàðàìåòðà
ò.å.
(36)
Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ (36) â (35), ïîëó÷èì
(37)
- ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà
èíåðòíûõ ãàçîâ He, Ne, Ar â ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöå Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà. Ïî
àíàëîãèè ïðåäñòàâèì ôóíêöèþ , çàâèñÿùóþ îò ïàðàìåòðà , ò.å.
(38)
Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ
(38) â (35), èìååì
(39)
- ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà
èíåðòíûõ ãàçîâ Xe, Rn, 118 –
ýëåìåíò.
 òðåòüåì ñëó÷àå ïî àíàëîãèè ñ ïðåäñòàâëåíèåì ôóíêöèè (38) ìîæíî ïðåäñòàâèòü
(40) Ïîäñòàâëÿÿ (40) â (35),
íàõîäèì
(41)
- ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà
èíåðòíûõ ãàçîâ (Xe) , Kr , (Ar) .
Ïîðÿäêîâûå íîìåðà (Õå) è (Ar) íå ó÷èòûâàþòñÿ, ò.ê. èõ çíà÷åíèÿ ïîâòîðÿþòñÿ, (ñì. ðàâåíñòâà (37) è (39) ). Ñëàãàåìûå ÷èñëèòåëåé ðàâåíñòâ (3537), (39) è (41) âçàèìîñâÿçàíû ìåæäó ñîáîé. ×òîáû âûðàçèòü ýòó âçàèìîñâÿçü, ââåäåì îáîçíà÷åíèÿ
(42) Ñîãëàñíî ýòèì
îáîçíà÷åíèÿì â îáùåì ñëó÷àå, èìååì:
(43)
Ñîîòíîøåíèÿ (43) îáëåã÷àåò ïîèñê âûøåóêàçàííûõ êîýôôèöèåíòîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ ïîñòðîåíèåì ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà.
Èñïîëüçóÿ ñîîòíîøåíèÿ (43), äëÿ no =
1, èìååì (44)
Èç
ñèñòåìû (32) äëÿ no = 1 âîñïîëüçóåìñÿ ðàâåíñòâîì
(45)
Â
ýòîì ñëó÷àå ïîèñê óðàâíåíèé ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì
îáùèõ ñîîòíîøåíèé (43) ïðèâîäèò ê ðåçóëüòàòàì
(46)
(47)
(48) Ïðèíèìàÿ no = 2, èìååì
(49)
(50)
(51)
(52)
(53) Ïðè no = 3, íàõîäèì
(54)
(55)
(56)
(57)
(58)
Ïðè no = 4
(59)
(60)
(61)
(62)
(63)
Ïðè
no =5
(64)
(65)
(66)
(67)
(68)
Ïðè no = 6
(69)
(70)
(71)
(72)
(73)
Ñâÿçü ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäå
ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî çàêîíà Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà ñ êâàíòîâûì ÷èñëîì ìîæíî ðàññìîòðåòü íà
ïðèìåðàõ ðàñ÷åòîâ ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â
ïåðèîäàõ íà îñíîâå ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ, ñâÿçàííûõ ñ äèñêðåòíûìè ÷èñëàìè n = 5, 6, 7.
Äëÿ nî = 5, èìååì
(74)
(75)
(76)
Ïðè no =
6, èìååì
(77)
(78)
(79)
Ïðè no = 7, èìååì
(80)
(81)
(82) Èç âûøå ïðèâåäåííûõ ðàñ÷åòîâ
âûòåêàåò, ÷òî çíà÷åíèå êâàíòîâîãî ÷èñëà
ð íàõîäèòñÿ â ïðåäåëàõ - 2 äî 2, ÷òî ñîãëàñóåòñÿ ñ ïðåäûäóùèìè
ðàñ÷åòàìè (ñì. (46)-(48)). Ñâÿçü ìåæäó ïàðàìåòðàìè m (ñì. (12))è p îïðåäåëÿåòñÿ
çàâèñèìîñòüþ:
äëÿ ÷åòíûõ ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ
(83)
èëè (84) Ðåøàÿ (84) îòíîñèòåëüíî n, èìååì
(85)
Ïðèíèìàÿ âî âíèìàíèå, ÷òî ðàâåíñòâî (85) ïðèìåò
âèä
(86) Ñîãëàñíî ïðàâîé ÷àñòè (83) ìîæíî çàïèñàòü
(87)
Ðàâåíñòâà
(86) è (87) èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ôîðìèðîâàíèè ïðèíöèïà îòáîðà ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà (ñì. òàáë. 11, 12).
Ñâÿçü
ìåæäó ïàðàìåòðàìè m (ñì. (12))è p äëÿ íå÷åòíûõ ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ âûðàæàåòñÿ
çàâèñèìîñòüþ
(88) èëè (89)
Ðåøàÿ (89) îòíîñèòåëüíî n è ó÷èòûâàÿ, ÷òî , íàõîäèì
(90) Ñîãëàñíî
ïðàâîé ÷àñòè (88) èìååì
(91)
Èñïîëüçóÿ âûøå ïðèâåäåííûå óðàâíåíèÿ (83) - (91) ïîçâîëÿþò ââåñòè ïðèíöèï îòáîðà ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà (ñì. òàáë. 15,16).
Òàáëèöà 15
Ïðèíöèï îòáîðà ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ
ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà, íà îñíîâå êâàíòîâîé ïðèðîäû ðåïåðíûõ
ðàäèóñîâ è ñòðóêòóðû ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî çàêîíà.
Ê |
Ð |
|
|
|
|
|
m |
|
|||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
1 |
2 |
1,84375 |
32 |
- |
5 |
59 |
5 |
|
1 |
1,84375 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
|
0 |
1,84375 |
8 |
- |
3 |
14,75 |
3 |
|
-1 |
1,84375 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
1,84375 |
2 |
- |
20 |
3,6675 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
36 |
1,84375 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
0,921875 |
32 |
- |
6 |
29,5 |
5 |
|
1 |
0,921875 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
|
0 |
0,921875 |
8 |
- |
12 |
7,375 |
3 |
|
-1 |
0,921875 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
0,921875 |
2 |
- |
36 |
1,84375 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
68 |
0,921875 |
0 |
3 |
2 |
0,61458733 |
32 |
- |
7 |
19,6666 |
5 |
|
1 |
0,61458733 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
|
0 |
0,61458733 |
8 |
- |
16 |
4,91667 |
3 |
|
-1 |
0,61458733 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
0,61458733 |
2 |
- |
52 |
1,2291666 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
100 |
0,61458733 |
0 |
4 |
2 |
0,4609375 |
32 |
- |
8 |
14,75 |
5 |
|
1 |
0,4609375 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
|
0 |
0,4609375 |
8 |
- |
20 |
3,6875 |
3 |
|
-1 |
0,4609375 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
0,4609375 |
2 |
- |
68 |
0,921875 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
132 |
0,4609375 |
0 |
5 |
2 |
0,36875 |
32 |
- |
9 |
11,79999 |
5 |
|
1 |
0,36875 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
|
0 |
0,36875 |
8 |
- |
24 |
2,25 |
3 |
|
-1 |
0,36875 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
0,36875 |
2 |
- |
84 |
0,7375 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
164 |
0,36875 |
0 |
6 |
2 |
0,30729168 |
32 |
- |
10 |
9,83333 |
5 |
|
1 |
0,30729168 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
|
0 |
0,30729168 |
8 |
- |
28 |
2,458833 |
3 |
|
-1 |
0,30729168 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
0,30729168 |
2 |
- |
100 |
0,61458733 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
196 |
0,30729166 |
0 |
7 |
2 |
0,26339285 |
32 |
- |
11 |
8,4285703 |
5 |
|
1 |
0,26339285 |
- |
18 |
- |
- |
4 |
|
0 |
0,26339285 |
8 |
- |
32 |
2,1071428 |
3 |
|
-1 |
0,26339285 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
2 |
|
-2 |
0,26339285 |
2 |
- |
116 |
0,52678541 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
228 |
0,26339285 |
0 |
Òàáëèöà 16 Ïðèíöèï îòáîðà ÷èñëà ýëåìåíòîâ â ïåðèîäàõ ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû Ä.È. Ìåíäåëååâà, íà îñíîâå êâàíòîâîé ïðèðîäû ðåïåðíûõ ðàäèóñîâ è ñòðóêòóðû ïåðèîäè÷åñêîãî çàêîíà.
k |
P |
|
|
|
|
Äëèíà ðÿäà
|
|
Äëèíà ðÿäà
|
m |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
1 |
0 |
1,229166 |
32 |
- |
2,25 |
39,3333 |
|
|
5 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
|
1 |
1,229166 |
- |
18 |
|
|
2,833333 |
22,125 |
4 |
|
2 |
1,229166 |
8 |
- |
4,5 |
9,833333 |
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
1,229166 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
4 |
1,229166 |
2 |
- |
13,5 |
2,458333 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
2 |
0 |
0,7375 |
32 |
- |
2,75 |
23,6 |
|
|
5 |
|
1 |
0,7375 |
- |
18 |
|
|
3,72228 |
13,275 |
4 |
|
2 |
0,7375 |
8 |
- |
6,5 |
5,9 |
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
0,7375 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
4 |
0,7375 |
2 |
- |
21,5 |
1,475 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
3 |
0 |
0,526786 |
32 |
- |
3,25 |
16,857 |
|
|
5 |
|
1 |
0,526786 |
- |
18 |
|
|
4,611111 |
9,482 |
4 |
|
2 |
0,526786 |
8 |
- |
8,5 |
4,21429 |
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
0,526786 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
4 |
0,526786 |
2 |
- |
29,5 |
1,05357 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
4 |
0 |
0,409722 |
32 |
- |
3,75 |
13,1111 |
|
|
5 |
|
1 |
0,409722 |
- |
18 |
|
|
5,5 |
7,375 |
4 |
|
2 |
0,409722 |
8 |
- |
10,5 |
3,2777 |
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
0,409722 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
4 |
0,409722 |
2 |
- |
37,5 |
0,81944 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
5 |
0 |
0,335227 |
32 |
- |
4,25 |
10,7272 |
|
|
5 |
|
1 |
0,335227 |
- |
18 |
|
|
6,388888 |
6,034 |
4 |
|
2 |
0,335227 |
8 |
- |
12,5 |
2,68182 |
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
0,335227 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
4 |
0,335227 |
2 |
- |
45,5 |
0,67045 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
6 |
0 |
0,283654 |
32 |
- |
4,75 |
9,0769 |
|
|
5 |
|
1 |
0,283654 |
- |
18 |
|
|
7,277777 |
5,10577 |
4 |
|
2 |
0,283654 |
8 |
- |
14,5 |
2,2692 |
|
|
3 |
|
3 |
0,283654 |
- |
- |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
4 |
0,283654 |
2 |
- |
53,5 |
0,5673 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
 ðàáîòå [3] ðàññìàòðèâàëàñü çàäà÷à î ïîëíîé ýíåðãèè
èîíèçàöèè àòîìà, êîòîðàÿ ðàññ÷èòûâàëàñü ïî óðàâíåíèþ
, (92)
ãäå Zif - ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð ýëåìåíòà ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû f – ãî ðÿäà;
f – ïîðÿäêîâûé íîìåð
ðÿäà ïåðèîäè÷åñêîé òàáëèöû;
af
, bf -
ïîñòîÿííûå êîýôôèöèåíòû ôóíêöèè f – ãî ðÿäà;
27,18
(ýâ) – çíà÷åíèå àòîìíîé åäèíèöû
ýíåðãèè
à1 – ïåðâûé
ðàäèóñ Áîðà; å – çàðÿä ýëåêòðîíà
(ïðîòîíà).
Çíà÷åíèÿ
êîýôôèöèåíòîâ af è bf ôóíêöèè
(93)
è
èõ îòíîøåíèÿ ïðèâåäåíû â ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèõ ðàâåíñòâàõ ñèñòåìû óðàâíåíèé (95)
(94)
(0,633)
(21)
(21)
(36)
(53) (95)
(71)
(85)
(71)
(117)
, (71)
ãäå ôóíêöèè, êîýôôèöèåíòû êîòîðûõ ïðè Z è ñâîáîäíûå ÷ëåíû ïðàêòè÷åñêè ñîîòâåòñòâåííî
ñîâïàäàþò.
Ðåçóëüòàòû ðàñ÷åòà ïî óðàâíåíèþ (92) ïðèâåäåíû â
òàáëèöàõ 17, 18.
Òàáëèöà 17
Ïîëíûå ýíåðãèè äèññîöèàöèè àòîìîâ, ðàññ÷èòàííûå ïî
ñèñòåìå ðàâåíñòâ (95), ñâÿçàííûõ ñ óðàâíåíèåì (92).
Z |
Ýëåìåíòû |
(ý.â.)* |
E (ý.â.) [5,6] |
Îòí. îøèáêà % |
Z |
ýëåìåíòû |
(ý.â.) |
E (ý.â.) [5,6] |
Îòí. Îøèáêà % |
||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
1 |
H |
13,601 |
13,595 |
0 |
|||||||||||
2 |
He |
78,95 |
78,98 |
0 |
|||||||||||
|
27,18(ýâ) |
||||||||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
||||||
3 |
Li |
208,67 |
203,453 |
2,56 |
11 |
Na |
4460,35 |
4419,946 |
0,91 |
||||||
4 |
Be |
399,47 |
399,05 |
0,1 |
12 |
Mg |
5473,575 |
5450,945 |
0,41 |
||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
||||||
5 |
B |
671,01 |
670,804 |
0,03 |
13 |
Al |
6613,16 |
6613,303 |
-0,002 |
||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
||||||
6 |
C |
1027,91 |
1029,81 |
-0,185 |
14 |
Si |
7884,485 |
7888,403 |
-0,05 |
||||||
7 |
N |
1484,53 |
1485,36 |
-0,059 |
15 |
P |
9293,277 |
9295,819 |
-0,027 |
||||||
8 |
O |
2043,9 |
2043,264 |
0,03 |
16 |
S |
10844,7 |
10858,28 |
-0,125 |
||||||
9 |
F |
2695,52 |
2696,35 |
-0,031 |
17 |
Cl |
12544,28 |
12555,36 |
-0,088 |
||||||
10 |
Ne |
3509,68 |
3509,49 |
0,0054 |
18 |
Ar |
14397,76 |
14397,8 |
0 |
||||||
|
|
||||||||||||||
19 |
K |
16453,8 |
16379,83 |
0,45 |
37 |
Rb |
77222,93 |
|
|
||||||
20 |
Ca |
18559,94 |
18508,08 |
0,276 |
38 |
Sr |
82339,59 |
|
|
||||||
21 |
Sc |
20820,11 |
20786,15 |
0,1634 |
39 |
Y |
87660,51 |
|
|
||||||
22 |
Ti |
23238,48 |
23221,41 |
0,0735 |
40 |
Zr |
93189,10 |
|
|
||||||
23 |
V |
25819,24 |
25820,8 |
0 |
41 |
Nb |
98928,83 |
|
|
||||||
24 |
Cr |
28566,55 |
28536,00 |
0,107 |
42 |
Mo |
104883,5 |
|
|
||||||
25 |
Mn |
31484,6 |
31536,74 |
-0,165 |
43 |
Tc |
111055,3 |
|
|
||||||
26 |
Fe |
34577,55 |
34651,58 |
-0,214 |
44 |
Ru |
117448,9 |
|
|
||||||
27 |
Co |
37849,57 |
37896,04 |
-0,123 |
45 |
Rh |
124067,4 |
|
|
||||||
28 |
Ni |
41304,84 |
41381,30 |
-0,185 |
46 |
Pd |
130914,1 |
|
|
||||||
29 |
Cu |
44947,54 |
44956,26 |
-0,02 |
47 |
Ag |
137992,4 |
|
|
||||||
30 |
Zn |
48781,82 |
48785,65 |
0 |
48 |
Cd |
145305,9 |
|
|
||||||
31 |
Ga |
52811,85 |
52815,44 |
0 |
49 |
Jn |
152857,8 |
|
|
||||||
32 |
Ge |
57004,79 |
57009,25 |
-0,06 |
50 |
Sn |
160651,8 |
|
|
||||||
33 |
As |
61475,84 |
61402,47 |
0,12 |
51 |
Sb |
168691,1 |
|
|
||||||
34 |
Se |
66118,15 |
65982,01 |
0,206 |
52 |
Tl |
176979,1 |
|
|
||||||
35 |
Br |
70972,88 |
70758,92 |
0,302 |
53 |
I |
185519,4 |
|
|
||||||
36 |
Kr |
76044,21 |
75724,15 |
0,422 |
54 |
Xe |
194315,4 |
|
|
||||||
Òàáëèöà
18.
Ïîëíûå ýíåðãèè äèññîöèàöèè àòîìîâ, ðàññ÷èòàííûå ïî
ñèñòåìå ðàâåíñòâ (95), ñâÿçàííûõ ñ óðàâíåíèåì (92).
Z |
Ýëåìåíòû |
(ý.â.)* |
Z |
ýëåìåíòû |
(ý.â.)* |
Z |
ýëåìåíòû |
(ý.â.) |
Z |
ýëåìåíòû |
(ý.â.) |
||
|
|
||||||||||||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
||
55 |
Ñs |
200114,56 |
72 |
Hf |
392306,71 |
89 |
Ac |
656351,36 |
106 |
Rf |
1031072,5 |
||
56 |
Ba |
209228,25 |
73 |
Ta |
406244,23 |
90 |
Th |
675435,74 |
107 |
Bh |
1056600,6 |
||
57 |
La |
218599,58 |
74 |
W |
420494,82 |
91 |
Pa |
694874,39 |
108 |
Hn |
1082536,0 |
||
58 |
Ce |
228231,84 |
75 |
Re |
435061,8 |
92 |
U |
714670,4 |
109 |
Mt |
1108881,1 |
||
59 |
Pr |
238128,27 |
76 |
Os |
449948,4 |
93 |
Np |
734826,87 |
110 |
|
113639,5 |
||
60 |
Nd |
248292,15 |
77 |
Ir |
465157,92 |
94 |
Pu |
753346,9 |
111 |
|
1162814,3 |
||
61 |
Pm |
258726,74 |
78 |
Pt |
480693,57 |
95 |
Am |
776233,59 |
112 |
|
1190408,0 |
||
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
||
62 |
Sm |
269435,29 |
79 |
Au |
496558,64 |
96 |
Cm |
797490,03 |
113 |
|
1218424,4 |
||
63
|
Eu |
280421,08 |
80 |
Hg |
512756,4 |
97 |
Bk |
819119,31 |
114 |
|
1246866,2 |
||
64 |
Gd |
291687,36 |
81 |
Tl |
529290,4 |
98 |
Cf |
841124,59 |
115 |
|
1275736,8 |
||
65 |
Tb |
303237,39 |
82 |
Pb |
546163,01 |
99 |
Es |
863508,87 |
116 |
|
1305039,1 |
||
66 |
Dy |
315074,44 |
83 |
Bi |
563378,36 |
100 |
Fm |
886275,3 |
117 |
|
1334776,0 |
||
67 |
Ho |
327201,75 |
84 |
Po |
580939,47 |
101 |
Md |
909426,89 |
118 |
|
1364951,2 |
||
68 |
Er |
339622,63 |
85 |
At |
598849,57 |
102 |
No |
932966,95 |
|
|
|
||
69 |
Tm |
352340,29 |
86 |
Rn |
617111,89 |
103 |
Lr |
956898,45 |
|
|
|
||
70 |
Yb |
365358,04 |
87 |
Fr |
619232,97 |
104 |
Db |
981224,5 |
|
|
|
||
71 |
Lu |
378679,09 |
88 |
Ra |
637618,12 |
105 |
Ji |
1005948,2 |
|