dr inż.
Dariusz Wielgórka
New
financial instruments in managing ecogrowth in the aspect of globalisation’s
processes
Ecogrowth
it is balance
The conc
Conc
We are
meeting many labels in Polish literature: ecogrowth, balanced, durable, self-maintaining development
oneself.
Ecogrowth it means development based on nature criteria and he
is often identified with balance
Strategy ecogrowth she should so to have the global, national, regional
and local measurement.
Financial
instruments in the group of tools of the environment economy.
Three groups of tools are being awarded
in the environmental protection [10]:
1) decentralised tools (regulations of law, the civil
and penal responsibility, environmentally friendly education),
2) tools of direct directing and the check-up (quality
standards environments, of the emission, sewage, engineering standards,
produktowe),
3) economic tools (environmentally friendly fees,
environmentally friendly taxes, transferable authorities, d
Financial
instruments are playing the significant part especially. They are posing
intermediate methods and methods in the aspect of the environmental protection
of exerting influence on economic subjects in order applying the assurance to
the default and future production and service activity of principles ecogrowth. The fact of the influence of companies on financial
effects is the feature distinguishing them from other tools of the control [9].
He is their task inspiring economic subjects to thrifty using of resources and
values by environments, eliminating of products from the market, of whom
producing or use is arduous for the nature and the person, internationale of
outside expenses of the influence of manufacturing processes on the environment
and amassing financial resources for protective enterprises. The spectrum of
financial instruments was increased considerably in the 10 last years, or in
broader importance economic [3]. It is possible to collect them to five groups,
differing from oneself with method of the influence of management on the
object. They are the one [15]:
1) tools about
the character of public tributes, but the of every description rally of the fee
and environmentally friendly taxes,
2) tools based
on markets of permissions for the emission on market transactions, e.g.,
3) financial
encouragement, e.g. subsidies, tax relieves,
4)
environmentally friendly financial securities, e.g. environmentally friendly d
5) managing
fines.
The influence taken up by economic subjects on
decisions is happening through the agency of economic tools. It refers to
mainly companies, but also more often and more often of households as units
taking microeconomic decisions up. Mechanism of working of economic tools is
relying on directing stimuli and information who are being transferred
indirectly behind means of the market mechanism (they are being counted among
intermediate tools from here). These signals are orienting environments at
working of users. The designed or addressed tool isn't securing the realization
of purposes of the environmentally friendly policy. Functioning of these tools
perhaps to bring unexpected consequences since assumed purposes are being
realized through the agency of the very complex system - of free market. And
therefore it is necessary at designing and the choice of economic tools to take
criteria which they have for tasks into consideration to minimise unfavourable
consequences. These criteria the one before everything: environmentally
friendly effectiveness, economic efficiency and the chance to put into practice
[6].
They are
using the whole spectrum of financial instruments in the world (table 1). Tools
are being applied to Poland longest and most often about the character of
public tributes. Only in recent years bigger and bigger modern tools are
playing a role, so like of protecting the various kind financial whether the
market of rights to the emission of pollutions.
Table 1.
Division of economic tools
|
Types of tools |
Systems |
|
Managing fines |
|
|
Financial
encouragement |
Direct
subsidies Intermediate
subsidies |
|
Tools
about the character of public tributes |
Payments
for economic use environments Payments
for expelling of pollutions Application
payments, produktowe, d Service
payments |
|
Tools
leaned on free-market transactions |
Common
implementations Mechanism
of clear development Transferable
rights to the emission of pollutions |
|
Environmentally
friendly financial securities |
Environmentally
friendly d Environmentally
friendly insurances Bank
guarantees |
Source: own study on the basis: managing of the environment, op. cit.,,
s. 153.
However
tools remembered already have the big mark of inertia when putting into
practice. Before the incentive signal will run environments in to the user
through the market usually by sure time, and therefore economic tools aren't
ensuring the suitable level of environmentally friendly safety also. They
should for this reason fulfil the completing or strengthening working of legal
and managing tools part.
1.
Characteristics of chosen financial instruments
To main
financial instruments in managing ecogrowth tools belong about the character of public tributes,
i.e. taxes and fees. Profits on fees should to returnably intended for
financing processes of protection and of managing the environment. They are
being assembled in Poland on appropriation accounts of environmentally friendly
funds. Environmentally friendly taxes are posing general budgetary revenues in
turn and to be used, for the investment financing and pro-ecological
enterprises they don't have to although they are able [6]. The table is
presenting kinds of tools about the character of public table 2.
Table 2.
Kinds of tools about the character of public tributes
|
Kinds |
Examples |
|
1.
Payments for economic use environments |
-
payments for consumption of water for economic purposes -
payments for managing mineral resources -
payments for switching grounds off from agricultural and forest production -
payments for cutting trees and bushes -
ground and forest tax |
|
2.
Payments for the emission of pollutions |
- payments for the emission into air of gas
pollutions and pyłowych, - payments for transferring sewage to
surface water or to soil - payments for putting waste on the dumping
ground - payments for the emission of the noise - payments for electromagnetic radiation |
|
3.
Payments produktowe an |
- payments from waste opakowaniowych
not-recovered to the determined level of recycling and the recycling - d |
|
4.
Service payments |
- payments for the supply of water - fees and transferring and cleaning sewage - payments for removal an |
Source: own study on the basis: managing of the environment, op. cit.,,
s. 161.
Significant role in management ecogrowth they are playing leaned on the
mechanism of market transactions, built tools on the principle of law of demand
and the supply, with the special consideration of the R. Coase´a
theorem. It is theoretically
characterised regularity, pointing the chance to reach the optimal level of
pollutions as a result of two-sided negotiations between users of resources and
of values environments. There is no in the Coase´a approach distinction
on using about environments and bearing consequences of this using and
interventional participation of the state isn't being predicted in the process
of the internalization of outside expenses. However this approach is
contradictory to one of basic principles of the environmentally friendly policy
- the perpetrator of the pollution is paying - the financial burden is bearing
environments for the pollution in this case both the perpetrator and the
destination of outside effects what is causing that this theory is the subject
of how many controversies [15]. The developed the Coase´a idea. Cocker,
proposing in 1966, conc
Transferable rights to the emission of pollutions are also being
determined with name of permits, issuing certyficates, authorities of the
emission, credits of the reduction of the emission. It is subject of
circulation on the market of permissions for the emission. Their owner not to
use issuinging of the determined quantity of the pollution by right perhaps and
to resell this law for the other person for subject. Permits are able to be
further away sold and purchased on the market of rights of the emission. With
motive of containing of the transaction is reaching of benefits which are boiling
down to adapting the choice of the most inexpensive method by their
participants to requirements regulating the quality of regulations which
environments [6]. They are binding to principles on the market of rights to the
emission of pollutions the same, how on every other slow-competitive market.
Prices are forming d
Trade in permits came true in USA in regard to the
emission of pollutions of air, in New Zealand - in limiting size of fishings of
fish. Trade in emissions was permitted in UE countries only in 2003 r. in
relating the emission of gases to the reduction, but Poland in 2005. introduced
also the market of rights to the emission - it happened under this the act from
the day 22 of December 2004 r. about trade in entitlements to the emission into
air of gases and of other substances [14].
Remaining
tools leaned on free-market negotiations have subordinate importance and they
are assisting merely the market. To most important it is necessary to visit two
mechanisms:
- common
implementations - mechanism enabling the reduction of resultant gases
purchasing and the transfer of units as a result of lowering their emission or
increasing realizations, of investment projects devouring.
- mechanism of
clear development - is operating on the similar principle, how remembered
earlier, exc
Utilized
among tools in management ecogrowth it is necessary to enumerate managing fines
too (environmentally friendly penalties), i.e. sanctions for using about
environments without the permit or inconsistently with binding regulations, in
the way harmful to the person and the nature. Punishment is most often measured
in practice too:
- exceeding of
the quantity determined in the permit or kinds of gases an
- exceeding of
the quantity determined in the permit, the state or the composition of sewage,
- exceeding of
the intake determined in the permit of water,
- exceeding of
levels determined in the permit of the noise,
- cutting trees
and bushes without the permit,
- destroying
greenery during earth work.
Compensations for losses are being treated by fines
under the environment as the form, however they aren't slowing down from the
obligation to satisfy in the relation to subjects which damages bore neither
they aren't freeing from bearing expenses of bringing back of the original
state to the environment [5].
The next
kind of financial instruments in managing ecogrowth they are posing subsidies
(subsidies, subsidies). It is outside given by the state, directed to economic
subjects financial support whom, is the main task 'for' supporting of
pro-ecological investments. Subsidies have other people completely the
character than tools enumerated earlier, because they are being given before
everything on principles which aren't resulting from the market mechanism but
from policy guide-lines or the realization of determined applications
government. It is possible to divide these tools on:
- direct
subsidies which are able to come from the state budget, local governments,
environmentally friendly funds, the foreign aid (ecoconwersion - exchange for
expenses of the foreign debt for the environmental protection); they are able
to acc
- intermediate
subsidies - applied as tax diversity and customs diversity most often;
profitable principles of taxation refer to the business activity, tied with the
environmental protection directly.
It is
worth mentioning such financial instruments too, like environmentally friendly
financial, posing the method of protecting claims by virtue of damages and
their resultant consequences under the environment as a result securities of
functioning of the company, both as a result of unpredictable situations, and
in case of normal functioning of the company. It is relatively new tool in
managing ecogrowth and many countries, in it also in Poland, introducing him
encounters resistance of the legal and institutional nature. It is possible to
this type of tools to visit [15]:
- environmentally
friendly d
- environmentally friendly insurances - applied to the
chemical, pharmaceutical industry in regard to companies, e.g. most often the
activity is being described with high environmentally friendly risk. It means
the carry, in exchange for the suitable fee, for institutions insurance of
civil liability too is eating unfavourable consequences of interactions of
subjects environmentally friendly making. They are able the both voluntary and
compulsory, imposed by the state e.g. character to have this kind of the
insurance.
Summary
Membership
of structures of the European Union of Poland involves a lot of results, tied
with the realized environmentally friendly policy of the state, but within her
confines of also the conc
Development of economic tools in managing ecogrowth should go to increasing of not very
harmful profitability of the business activity in the trend hereafter for
environments, of actuating of initiatives and technological development, i.e.
of putting into practice of the economic and environmentally friendly strategy
of the double benefit (win-win strategy) and of rational utilizing of natural
resources.
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