Історія / Історія науки і техніки

 

Mudruk O.S. 

State Scientific Agricultural Library Ukrainian Academy Agrarian Sciences

Kyiv, Ukraine

Contemporary views on the evolution of scientific ideas

in soil formation

 

Scientific ideas about soil development at time could be: the idea of equivalent the factor of time and other factors of soil formation is argued. All soil formation factors including state's age connected with each other difficultly and took part in soil formation equivalently (V.V. Dokuchaev). Later the conception about independent, separate from the other factors time's influence on the soils (V.V. Dokuchaev). Soil formation process could change its character mainly in influence of one time factor and not change others (B.B. Polinov). Time is not the source of the matter and energy. It could not change the character of soil formation and that's why could not be the factor of soil formation (A.A. Rode). Time could not be included into Dokuchaev's system of factors of soil formation comparing with other soil formation factors (I.P. Gerasimov, M.A. Glasovskaya, V.A. Kovda, V.G. Zolnikov). Time has higher status of generality than climate, rocks, vegetate and animal organisms, relief. It is in all objects of real world. Time is as universe. It is necessary form of materia existence and soils (S.A. Zakharov, A.A. Rode, I.P. Gerasimov, M.A. Glasovskaya, V.A. Kovda). The variety of views on the soil development at time told about theoretical basis, not completely of the problem that is very important for soil scientists.

It is analysed the thoughts about soil formation as formation, development and soil evolution that are in the basis of Dokuchaev's school of soil science. It determines its research object not through the context and features but through genesis. V.V. Dokuchaev said that soil is natural object. It is result of interaction of material substrata, biota and atmosphere in the conditions of some relief during all time.

S.S. Neustruev proposed another approach to dividing and understanding soil formation processes. He underlined some not large group of models of less complicated processes that formed and changed soils in th whole world. He called them elementary processes of soil formation but not in the meaning of their simple essence. They are 'elements' of the processes general planetary pedagenesis that always repeated. This small group could made more and more number of complex processes in different varieties.

They were widespread in the I.P. Gerasimov's works. He developed Neustruev's conception and proposed its usage with the aim of genetic diagnostics and soils' systematics.

It is said that elementary soil formation process could be determined as the process of general process of soil formation and created some direct sum of definition in the soil system. It is important for diagnostics of spare and temporary soil divergences.

All analysed systems divided into following big groups: transformation of mineral substance in soils (inner soils decay); transformation of organic matter on the soil surface; removal the matters from the soils; substance migration inner soils; pedoturbation; the entrance the matter into the soil from the environment.

The main reason of passage to the elementary soil forming process were the soils, their contents and properties. They could not be explained by the influence only the factors of soil formation.

Thus, I.P. Gerasimov proposed formulae of soil formation:

 properties – processes – factors of soil formation.

Then A.A. Rode proposed to determine soil micro processes. They were separate phenomena – seasonable, annual dynamics and regime of soils.

Rocks are the material basis of soils. They have some energy in crystal lattice of their minerals. They change their mineral structure under the influence of water and unchangeable temperature and biological rhythms. The last only made them faster and changed the direction and speed of decay and soil formation.

That's why, regular approach is underlined to the more complicated cognition of the processes of soil formation rocks into ground.