Історія / Історія науки і
техніки
State Scientific
Agricultural Library Ukrainian Academy Agrarian Sciences
Kyiv, Ukraine
Methodology of
soil cartography: history, theory, practice
All
materials about soil cartography are gathered by soil scientists of Russian
school. L.I. Prosolov divided them into following groups:
1. Soil maps original
(detail maps and plans of separate research and other lots on scale of 1:4200
to 1:42000; soil maps of search bigger territories (provinces, districts etc.) on
scale of 1:42000 to 1:420000; scheme soil maps of that territories on scale
1:840000 to 1:380000).
2. 2. General soil
maps (general maps od soil types, state, district on scale of 1:840000,
1:4200000 etc.; soil maps of regions, provinces in different scales).
Many
soil maps or cartograms of soil values were made by statistic methods. They
were: geological-geomorphological-soil map of Eastern Europe (from the Baltic
Sea to the Danube and the Dnieper) by polish geologist Stashitsa (1806),
manuscript map by unknown author (1841), maps by academicians Veselovskiy
(1849, 1852, 1857) and Ruprecht (1866), Wilson (1869), and later –
Chaslavskiy's map (1837). It's appeared that they needed repeated search. They
were not detail, nor exact by their classification. There were not opportunity
to get really huge and compare statistic facts and in variety of kinds of
soils. These were the main reasons. In this method direct researches mixed with
indirect facts, for example, by harvest size, thus direct identification is not
possible.
Another
empirical method is agronomic. Separate soil parts are determined by analyses,
the getting sizes put into the maps and than lines are built. It was created by
G.F. Nefedov. The scientist thought that Dokuchaev's cartography method couldn't
be observed as ideal. Agronomic method was used by professor Thoms. Prof.
Nabokich built his soil maps of Ukraine by izohumus method. G.N. Vusotskiy – by
izocarbonat method.
Agrogeological
direction reflected on the domestic and American works of soil cartography. All
soil maps were built by Dokuchaev's method or method of genetic soil science.
It
should be marked that soil scientist left not useful examples and notes and
saved work, time, means. It is important in conditions of search big and
difficult territories. According to the work sizes increasing the quantity
search and scientist should use detail mass researchers. These researchers made
in bigger scale, than true and useful maps' sizes.
The
details of soil maps shouldn't exist without individual natural soils. They are
made by morphological method. It is based on studying the deep soil section in
the field and examples from natural stage and genetic horizons. Good spade is
an important instrument of soil scientist.
Counting
of soil resources is one of the most important and perspective directions of
usage cosmic photos. They could be used for making and corrective work od
regions and district soil maps, papers of State soil map, soil map on scale
1:2500000. A number of colourful and black-white photos give us opportunity to
use them during making and correction world soil map. The search process of
optical generalization of images soil cover at photos and deciphering types,
subtypes, and maybe kinds of soils. They give exact and full results. Thus, they
give opportunity to make maps by different sizes at new quality level.
Cosmic
photos are discovered huge territories of the Earth's surface. For the first
time we saw the results of objective optical generalization of soil cover. They
reflected features and structure of soils of separate regions and provinces.
They gave opportunity to see in details and studied separate rock systems and
vertical explanation to soil-vegetate cover, the character of melioration and
drainage systems in the whole, the results of water and wind soil erosions,
peculiarities of usage agricultural soils etc.
The
methodology of soil cartography is complicated totality of scientific elements
and engineering decisions. They are improved with the development of science
and society and historical existence of scientific thought.