Historical sciences/4. Ethnography
Hasanov
Elnur Latif oglu
post-graduate,
scholar
Ganja
regional scientific center of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Ganja, (Azerbaijan)
TYPICAL ETHNOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF
TRADITIONAL CRAFT OF GANJA IN THE END OF XIX - BEGINNING OF XX CENTURIES
Key words: Ganja, traditional handicraft branches, XIX - XX
centuries
Ganja is one of the oldest cities on the territory of
Azerbaijan. This city has more than 3000 years old.
During end of XIX
- beginning of XX centuries in Ganja closely bundled to an economy and a daily life of the people,
craft employment were one of the basic carriers of national traditions [1, 110].
Each area of Azerbaijan possesses characteristic environmental
resource bases for it and it promoted development of various crafts. Thus, a
number of employments in Ganja, during the period since 19 centuries to the
middle of 20 centuries, differed from crafts of other areas of the country. It
were first of all the trades bundled to a spreading of a city and population
grown have increased demand for craft products. Under such circumstances the
handicraft work could not keep the natural character. Already in a number of
branches finished articles have been exposed
on a market. The increase in quantity of handicraftsmen in a city directly has
been bundled to population growth. The competition of production of production
plants and factories has not reached
still serious level and consequently was created a favorable conditions
for spreading of traditional occupations there. In addition, products of these
craft branches have been closely bundled to a life and traditions of the
people, and it would be difficult to replace with their factory production. In
the specified period of history in Ganja developed basically carpet
weaving, weaver`s business, craft of
the tailor, squeeze men, forge and a jewelry, trades of dyer, the stone mason,
the cooper and leather dresser, weapon business and other similar craft
branches. Among these crafts especially developed carpet weaving. To so wide
development of carpet weaving promoted availability of raw materials [2, 47; 3, 57].
In addition
carpets were very widely used in a population life- both as furniture,
and as a curtain, both as sand bed and as a coating for a floor. In carpet
weaving have been held basically women. It has been bundled by that in a Muslim
society of the woman preferred to work in house conditions. However also are
know cases when men were occupied with this craft. Tailors and hatters created
both national clothes, and clothes in style of the European fashion. According
to the spent explorations there are exact data on wide development of a jewelry
in Ganja in the end of 19 centuries – in a beginning of 20 centuries. Jewelers
basically fabricated ornaments to order. Among them there was a specification.
Jobs of skilful masters amazed even foreigners. Development of trading and
economic relations of Ganja with the next states promoted a recognition of
local jewels abroad. As an example it is served by unique samples handmade the
Azerbaijan jewelers, stored in museums of St.-Petersburg, France and Georgia.
On a ground classifying crafts it has been defined that by the end of 19
centuries a number of fashionable trades began to disappear. Among them were –
wool-carder, hatcheller, selsbchy, dhulfachy,
carriers. They have got rid of and have been replaced by representatives
of new crafts [4, 31; 5-7].
Distribution of experts of certain crafts on quarters
and neighboring communes was prominent of crafts. For example, it is possible
to recollect. In these neighboring communes functioned craft departments.
Internal conditions of craft department reflected a sort of employment of his
owner. In these departments worked the master and his pupils. In a life of the
population of Ganja the role of craft products was great. These products were
widely used inhabitants of Ganja they decorated conditions of living rooms,
with them filled up a dowry of brides. The dresses created in local
departments, suits and caps were an integral part of an attire of
town-dwellers. In comparison with villages though the national clothes in 20
century began to supersede them gradually. It also has been bundled to accruing
arrival to Ganja representatives of other nationalities.
Therefore, changes in clothes were more marked. Only
female ornaments as an attire constituent part, left the national feature. At
this time there were fashionable ornaments on a breast, hands, set pins and on
clothes. Its hereditary transfer to descendants was one more feature of craft
business in Ganja. Hereditary jewelers, weavers, manufacturers of carpets,
cobblers, potters and stone borer were especially allocated.
References
1. Azərbaycan
etnoqrafiyası: 3 cilddə, I c., Bakı: Şərq-Qərb,
2007, 544 s.
2.
Əsədova C.D. XIX-XX əsrlərdə Azərbaycan
zərgərlik incəsənəti. Bakı: Elm, 1978
3.
Guliyeva
N.M., Hasanov E.L. New ethnographic
approach to the research of main decorative - applied arts of Ganja of the XIX
– XX centuries / International scientific conference - Achievements in science: new views,
problems, innovations. Lodz, (Poland) 2012, p. 56-58
4. Häsänov
E.L. Die Gändschänischen teppiche von XIX – XX Jahrhundert als
geschichtliche - ethnographische quelle
//
European Science and Technology: 2nd International scientific conference.
Bildungszentrum Rdk e. V. Wiesbaden, (Germany) 2012, p. 30-32
5.
Həsənov E.L. Gəncə İmamzadə türbəsi
(tarixi - etnoqrafik tədqiqat). Bakı: Elm və təhsil , 2012,
268 s.
6.
Nemət M.S. Azərbaycanda
pirlər. Bakı: Azərnəşr, 1992, 104 s.
7.
The dawn of Art. Leningrad: Aurora Art Publishers, 1974, 196 p.