Marian Malicki

Janusz Soboń

Zdzisław Sirojć

The social capital and the management

of the enterprise and of the city

We can examine the social capital in different aspects: the organization, the region or the State. We can relate it to small groups as well as to whole societies.

The aim of the article is the analysis of chosen aspects of the management of the social capital in two spheres - the firm and the city.

The notion of the social capital

The social capital has not been defined in clear–out manner, till now. The creators of the idea of the social capital in the different manner tried to determine its essence.

P. Bourdieu treated the social capital as the sum of the current potential resources, connected with the membership of the group, giving to her members the specific support.

J.C. Coleman comprehended the social capital as the ability of the interhuman cooperation within the framework of group and organization for the purpose of the realization of common interests.

F. Fukuyama perceived the social capital as the ability consequential to the spread of the confidence within society or its parts.

R.D. Putnam qualified the social capital as the confidence, norms and connections facilitating the cooperation in achieving the mutual benefits.

The works of creators of the idea of the social capital contributed however to the considerable progress in its defining.

In our considerations we will comprehend the social capital as norms, customs, terms and organizational solutions determining the given values and facilitating organization of the people for the purpose of in favor activities of the common good.

We differentiate the social capital from the human capital by which we will comprehend the knowledge, the experience and abilities of people presenting the specific values and which nowadays or in the future can bring definite advantages to the individual, to the organization or to the society.

The structure of the social capital

The analysis of the idea of the social capital permits to distinguish its most important components.

In elaborations of Polish authors we can find following components of the social capital: the structural capital, the relational capital and the cognitive capital / tab.1 /.

Slightly otherwise the components of the social capital are perceived by researchers connected with the World Bank, which distinguish following elements: structural, regulatory and behavioural / tab. 2. /.

The presented approaches show, that it is still far to the unification of opinions in the matter of the precise qualification and callings of all components of the social capital. There was no - general nor critical – discussion on this subject resulting in univocal settlements.

Tab. 1. The components of the social capital

according to the Polish researchers

The components of the social capital	The structural capital	The relational capital	The cognitive capital
	The connections in the net The configurations in the net The responsibility in the net	The confidence The norms The obligations The identification	The community of the language The common experiences The common tales

The source: M. Bratnicki, J. Strużyna / ed. /, Przedsiębiorczość i kapitał intelektualny, Wyd. AE w Katowicach, 2001, behind: W. Włodarski, Zarządzanie kapitałem społecznym, Zeszyty Naukowe WSDG nr 19, Warszawa 2006.

Tab. 2. The elements of the social capital

according to the World Bank

The elements of the social capital	The structural capital	The regulatory capital	The behavioural capital
	The social nets The social groups The social structures The social institutions The inquiry channel The acquaintances	The social norms The examples of the realization of the values and business The confidence The solidarity The customs and manners	The indications of the cooperation and mutual activities The indications of collective activities The exchange of the information

The source: Ch. Grootaert, T. van Bastelar / ed. /, Understanding and measuring social capital. A multidisciplinary tool for practicioners, The World Bank, Washington D.C., 2002, behind: M.Theiss, Operacjonalizacja kapitału społecznego w badaniach empirycznych, in: H.Januszek / ed. / Kapitał społeczny we wspólnotach, Wyd. AE w Poznaniu, 2005.

The management of the social capital

The growth of requirements concerning the management of different social and economic subjects causes the necessity of the improvement of different elements, including the management of the new sphere, which is the management of a social capital.

By the management of the social capital we will understand intentional activities of the manager oriented on the creation, the development and the utilization of immaterial resources included in each components, bearing in mind common good and bringing definite advantages to social and economic subjects.

In the process of the management of the social capital we can distinguish the following elements :

- the construction of the strategy of the development and of the utilization of resources,

- the identification of resources,

- the evaluation of resources,

- the creation of conditions of their development,

- the monitoring of processes aimed at the development of resources,

- the estimation of the results.

In the management of the social capital we can use the matrix of Włodarski, that is to say the matrix of manners of the management with of the social capital. It contains four areas of possible influences: the administering, the management, the effects and the tolerance.

Making use of it, we can show different aspects of activities of managers connected with values.

Some aspects of the management of the social capital of the firm and of the city

The management of the social capital can take place on different scale: of the group, the organization, the region or the State. Mentioned surfaces of the management are characterized by the definite specificity, what best can be presented on the example of the firm and the city

/ tab. 3. /.

Tab. 3. The specificity of the management of the social capital

in the enterprise and in the city

The area of the management of the social capital	The requirement towards the managers of the firm	The requirements towards managers in the city
The strategy The identification of the resources The valuating of the resources The creation of the conditions of the development The monitoring of the processes Estimation of the results	Indispensable Indispensable Indispensable Necessary Indispensable Necessary	Desirable Recommended Desirable Necessary Indispensable Recommended

The source: The elaboration of the authors.

The differences in the management of the social capital of the enterprise and of the city are determined by the following factors:

- the target of the management / in the firm - the profit, in town - the satisfaction of the needs of inhabitants /,

- the complexity of the structure / the structure of the management of a city is more complicated /,

- the size of the subject / the city is often a subject considerably more complicated /,

- the amount of connections / relations in the city there are definitely more numerous /,

- the character of the interaction / in the firm direct contacts dominate, in the city indirect, most often anonymous /,

- the manner of appointing managers/ / in firms by the appointment or by designation, in cities by elections /,

- professionality of managers / high in firms, low in cities /,

- criteria of the estimation of managers / in the firm based on economic indicators , in town on social and psychological indicators /,

- the manner of the measurement of resources / in enterprise is possibly most exact, in cities - estimated /,

- the quality of the management / is diverse in firms, in cities - most often

low /.

The knowledge of the management of the social capital in different surfaces demands the application by managers of different methods and tools of the management. The superficial analysis of problems permits however to ascertain, that firms better administer the social capital than cities. This results is due to the various character of both sorts of subjects as well as to the different nature of tasks they were created for.

The bibliography

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2.Bratnicki M., Strużyna J. / ed. /, Przedsiębiorczość i kapitał intelektualny, Wyd. AE w Katowicach, 2001.

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