UDC 631.05:633.4
FORMATION OF CLUSTERS IN MAINTENANCE OF FOOD SAFETY OF
KAZAKHSTAN
Rauan Erkimbekuly
The Kazakh national agrarian
university
Keywords: cluster development, investments,
Scottish model of cluster, the Italian model of cluster, innovative process, the grant, monopolies, direct
suppliers, indirect suppliers,disparity of the prices, cooperation.
The
summary: the
cluster development is a basic direction in the field of increase of
competitiveness of Kazakhstan in the world market. A guarantee to that is its
successful application in the advanced countries, as the USA, Japan, Germany,
Italy. Cluster development in Kazakhstan will bring not only direct economic
advantage, but also will allow to co-operate more effectively private and to
economy public sectors. The government should provide development of clusters under
the guidance of a private sector. Now there is no comprehensible mechanism of
management by cluster - pilot, grain in particular. There upon in our opinion
it is necessary to define the rights and duties integrated in cluster the
enterprises and the organization which should provide interest and
responsibility increase in increase in manufacture of final competitive
production.
Introduction
Now in Kazakhstan raw industries dominate. Development on their basis of
additional sectors of economy which will co-operate with each other, will
deduce Kazakhstan on new level of economic development.
The existing system of the branch approach is focused on horizontal
communications while the cluster approach focuses attention and on importance
of vertical relations between the enterprises of different spheres and on the
interdependent symbiosis based on synergism. Besides, the cluster prospect
changes a role of the government and character of the state intervention.
Entering in cluster firms often appear capable more adequately and quickly to
react to requirements of buyers. Potential advantages of clusters are very
great. They strengthen flexibility and ability to fast reaction. Concentration of
clusters in the geographical relation occurs because the close arrangement
promotes strengthening of many advantages in increase of productivity and
innovations. Expenses decrease at fulfillment of transactions, creation and
information interchange improves, and the local organizations with the big
readiness react to specialized requirements of cluster, and pressure from
similar firms become more notable. Clusters represent a competition and
cooperation combination. Presence in the market of many contenders and strong
stimulus often underlines intensity of competitive struggle in clusters.
The methodological approach
As a result of interaction of the whole groups of branches inside clusters
promoted growth of employment, investments and has accelerated distribution of
high technologies to national economy.
The countries of the European Union have accepted the Scottish model of
cluster at which the large enterprise uniting round small firms becomes a
kernel of such co-production. There is also an Italian model - more flexible
and cooperation of the enterprises of small, average and large business
"equal in rights". Experience of these countries has shown that the cluster
approach forms a basis for meaningful dialogue between representatives of
enterprise sector and the state. He has allowed raising efficiency of
interaction of a private sector, the state, trading associations, research and
educational institutions in innovative process.
In the post socialist countries more a wide circulation has received cluster
principles of the organization of industrial interaction at regional level.
This approach gives the big possibilities, both for increase of competitiveness
of local business, and for increase of efficiency of economic policy of the
regional power.
It is necessary to notice, that borders of clusters can leave for
political borders. There is an example European of clusters firms of Germany
and Switzerland on manufacture of chemicals.
In the conditions of developing economy cluster contain smaller number
of participants, and differ on the social composition. The insufficient
quantity of clusters in developing countries does not mean that these countries
are incapable of participation to competitive struggle, but it slows down
perfection and productivity increase. For increase of incomes, a wages and a
standard of living it is necessary to raise productivity and value of let out
production. That the region could work more industrially, increased
possibilities, improved production and technological processes cluster should
develop. Otherwise it will not manage to resist to natural process of growth of
local costs and other regions, with lower factorial costs or offering big
grants, will get advantage in the given manufacture.
The cluster models differ from each other. For successful development of
cluster presence of following conditions is necessary: private property
presence; a competition without monopoly; a principle of free pricing;
stability of monetary circulation; economic independence of businessmen.
The geographical affinity of
participants to the full allows to use the cluster approach in food-processing
industry development. So development êëàñòåðà çåðíîïåðåðàáàòûâàþùåé the industries in Akmolinsky,
Karaganda, Kostanajsky, North Kazakhstan areas, dairy - in Akmolinsky, Almaty,
East Kazakhstan, Kostanajsky and North Kazakhstan areas, in manufacture and
processing of fruit-and-vegetable cultures - in Almaty, Zhambylsky, South
Kazakhstan areas, for example, is most perspective. The potential on development
meat of cluster is available in Kostanajsky, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan areas,
rice - Kyzylordinsky area, fish - in Atyrausky, East Kazakhstan, Karaganda
areas.
In maintenance of
food security the special place in economy of Kazakhstan occupies grain êëàñòåð as wheat is the important export resource of
Kazakhstan.
During the Soviet period the grain husbandry
was branch of specialization of economy of republic; therefore it was financed
in a priority order and was under the special control of the state controls.
The basic problems consisted in an effective utilization of ground resources,
and also in increase of productivity of agricultural crops. It was thus put aim
to realize the complex approach to development of grain branch as problem
questions of the interconnected branches (seed-growing, manufactures of mineral
fertilizers, herbicides and others ÿäîõèìèêàòîâ) were considered.
From such positions it is possible to notice, that in republic already
conditionally existed and exists till this day grain cluster with high enough
level of development.
It is necessary to notice, that the basis grain cluster of Kazakhstan is
made by the central-Kazakhstan and North Kazakhstan regions. So, the share of
these regions in grain manufacture as a whole across Kazakhstan makes about 80
% of volume on wheat, 90 % - on oats, on ãðå÷èõå and to millet -
40-55 %, on barley and leguminous - 70 %.
The market structure grain products is necessary for considering, using
concepts êëàñòåðà, that allows to reveal
interdependence, complementarily between links, ways of distribution of
technologies, investments, information, professional skills and to define the
weak links requiring the state support.
Results of interrogation
Cluster consists of structural divisions located on one territory. He
allows to prove the concrete mechanism of integration of structure of a work
cycle "raw materials-processing-realization".
Now elements of the cluster
approach are realized in the activity in Kazakhstan by foreign tobacco company
"Phillip Morris". The company promotes agro industrial integration,
concluding äîãîâîðû with rural
commodity producers on tobacco cultivation. The basic moment’s tobacco cluster can
serve in realization and at creation grain clusters to republic. Inside cluster
are more rationally used ground and financial resources, productivity, quality
of production at the expense of increase of efficiency of productions and level
of communications between participants of cluster raises
In grain product cluster of Kazakhstan the author has allocated following components: grain
producing economy; the enterprises for grain processing; the machine-building
enterprises making the special equipment; taro packing the enterprises and the organizations
on standardization and certifications of grain, the enterprise for manufacture
of chemicals and fertilizers, the seed-growing enterprises, HPP, elevators,
scientific research institute and high schools, etc.
So, for example, the element «Manufacturers of grain» shows the chains
including branches, providing support as manufactures, and grain processing’s. Cluster
- in transfer the congestion or concentration means, it unites in
itself(himself) all participants of a chain of the added costs (processes of
addition of cost from raw materials to an end-product) any branch, related and
supporting branches, and also other institutes concerning given branch. All
specified participants CDS can be tracked on the scheme grain product cluster,
in particular for segments of flour, groats and mixed fodders. As a basis of
cluster manufacturers of grain and grain products act.
Major factor of manufacture for the given companies is grain. Thus,
mutual relations between manufacturers of grain and it remaking are defining in
development of the given segments and under the present conditions are characterized
by strong interrelation.
Manufacturers of grain products co-operate with straight lines and with
indirect suppliers. Suppliers of the equipment necessary for production, the
electric power, fuel, water and human resources concern straight lines,
research institutes. All concern indirect suppliers the others, including those
who renders financial, building, transport and warehouse services. Besides, it
is necessary to notice, that, unlike ïåðåðàáîò÷èêîâ, rural commodity
producers co-operate with lessors of the earth and its owners, manufacturers of
seeds and fertilizers. Some components grain product cluster are insufficiently
developed and do not meet requirements of other participants. So, communication
with manufacturers of seeds and fertilizers, the water distributive organizations,
and also research institutes is characterized as weak, other above-stated
communications are characterized as strong.
Besides, as it has been noted, cluster includes accompanying or
supporting branches. For grain branch those are: scientific research institute
and agrarian universities; the public and industrial organizations (including
National Association of farmers, a country party of Kazakhstan, the International
agro industrial stock exchange of Kazakhstan, the Grain union and the Union of
manufacturers of a foodstuff of Kazakhstan); official bodies (such, as the
industry and trade Ministry, standardization and certification Committee,
customs committee and ÑÝÑ, joint-stock
company «Food contract corporation»); an industrial infrastructure (consisting
from auto-and railways, telecommunications, Aktausky port, ýëåâàòîðîâ and warehouses).
Thus communication of manufacturer’s grain product with scientific research
institute and universities is insufficient, demands improvement of quality of
training of the future experts and formation of practical skills.
Last participants in data cluster to which there is an interaction of
manufacturers of grain product, are exporters, whole salers, retail dealers and
distributors, the constant interrelation with which is available and for
manufacturers of grain, and at it remakers. However it interests of
manufacturers of grain are not balanced enough, especially infringed.
For successful development grain cluster Kazakhstan it is necessary
strengthening of a role of the state which urged to solve following problems:
to carry out the state purchases of grain for the guaranteed procurement prices
even in the conditions of constant growth of costs; support of commodity
producers on the basis of budgetary financing and the preferential
financially-credit policy is necessary; increase in credit resources of rural
commodity producers, including at the expense of leasing; reduction the disparity
prices in the grain market.
Integration of various industries in one êëàñòåðà will allow receiving considerable benefits. The author considers, that
clusterization to the grain industry will lead to following positive moments:
inside êëàñòåðà mutual relations between
subjects who will help final advancement of the goods and profit reception will
successfully develop.
Occurrence of the
integrated formations inside êëàñòåðà will promote the
proved formation of material base of grain product a sub complex on a complete
basis. Presence of the interconnected enterprises for repair and agricultural
machinery manufacture, and also consumers of these techniques will communicate
with the minimum number of intermediaries and most full to consider
requirements each other.
At formation and development of
clusters in the market of grain product the following aim - creation of
conditions for expansion of internal manufacture and increase of
competitiveness of production of a domestic production on the basis of
formation of integration communications and state regulation perfection is
pursued. It is recognized, that can be created clusters, focused on export and clusters,
focused on home market. The author has proved, that grain cluster, unlike
others, is guided basically by a foreign market as grain has strategic value
for economy of republic and is considered as motive power of economic growth in
the country. Structural transformations on a basis of the cluster approach are
essentially necessary for competitiveness increase as enterprises grain
products, and production let out by them.
Conclusions
In article formation problems of clusters for maintenance of food safety
of Kazakhstan are considered. Application the cluster approach allows reaching the
accelerated development of small and average business. However, as motivations
to association in cluster are important, for many small firms the organization
of such cooperation - simple business is far not. Small firms, as a rule,
prosper at the expense of individualism and enterprise, for them too close
cooperation with competitors, suppliers or clients can represent real threat.
That is why in such enterprises cooperation demands higher level of strategic
thinking of heads. Small firms should solve, to what degree they are ready to
go on the long, close cooperation, what knowledge should to them be brought
from its part and with what they would like to adhere - and all it demands high
level of the internal organization.
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