Биологические науки / 7. Зоология
Cand. Biol. Sci., docent N.N.Karpun, Cand. Horticult. Sci.Ye.A. Ignatova
The State Research Institution
All–Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Floriculture and Subtropical
Crops of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sochi, Russia, e-mail: nkolem@mail.ru
THE FIRST REPORT ABOUT CYDALIMA PERSPECTALIS Walker ON THE
BLACK SEA COAST OF RUSSIA
Abstract. The box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis Walker) is noted
for the first time on the Black Sea coast of Russia (Sochi) in summer of 2013.
The pest damages only plants of Buxus
sempervirens, causing its fast desiccation. Caterpillars of the first pest
generation were noted in the second half of June, the second – at early and
middle August. The flight of moths of the second generation was observed in the
first ten-day period of September. Most likely this species got to the Black
Sea coast of Russia together with a planting stock of Buxus sempervirens, delivered from the European nurseries.
Key words: Cydalima perspectalis, Pyraloidea, box tree (Buxus sempervirens), invasive species,
pests, Black Sea coast of Russia.
The box tree moth (Cydalima perspectalis Walker, syn . Glyphodes perspectalis Walker, Neoglyphodes perspectalis Walker, Palpita perspectalis Walker, Diaphania perspectalis Walker) is a
dangerous pest of the box tree, widely spread in Europe in recent years (Mally, Nuss, 2010; Slamka, 2010; Korycinska, Eyre, 2011; Sàfiàn,
Horvàth, 2011; EPPO, 2011; Hizal, 2012;
Koren, Crne, 2012; Seljak, 2012; Governatori, 2013; Ramel, 2013). China, Japan,
Korea, the Russian Far East and India are homelands to the species (Определитель …, 2005; Mally,
Nuss, 2010). In European countries and Turkey, the species damages only
box tree (Buxus sempervirens, Buxus balearica, Buxus microphylla, Buxus
sinica, Buxus colchica), causing
significant harm to both park and natural lands, as well as complete
defoliation and desiccation of plants. However, at home - in East Asia - the box
tree moth is also found on euonymus (Euonymus
japonicus and Euonomus alatus )
and Ilex pupurea (Korycinska, Eyre, 2011; Hizal, 2012). It is known that in European
countries the box tree moth can develop in 2 or 3 generations, the average
duration of one generation is about 40 days (Korycinska, Eyre, 2011).
In recent decades, due
to the active marketing of plants and plant material new types of pests and
diseases have begun to appear in different countries. In this way, such species
as Iceria purchase Maskell, Phthorimaea operculella Zell, Neopulvinaria imeretina Hadz., Dactylosphaera vitifoliae Fitch and others were once brought to the
territory of Russia together with the planting stock (Ижевский, 2002а). In recent years, invasion of alien species has
become a global environmental problem; it is named among the main factors
leading to reduction of regional species diversity (Ижевский, 1995, 2002б).
The region of the Black
Sea coast of Russia has actively been developed in recent years, which is attributed
to the preparation for the XXII Winter Olympics
2014 and the development of Sochi as a mountain resort. Parks, public gardens, boulevards,
streets and beaches are being actively improved at the moment. One of the
sought-after crops in landscape gardening is Buxus sempervirens, planting stock of which is imported mainly from
European countries such as Italy, Balkan Peninsula countries and others. This crop
has been traditionally used in landscape gardening of Sochi for one and a half centuries
as a skirting-plant and a solitaire. Currently, 17 cultivars and one variety of
Buxus sempervirens are being
cultivated (Карпун,
2003).
A strong desiccation of Buxus sempervirens was recorded all over
the city of Sochi (from Adler to Lazarevsky districts) in middle August of 2013.
Plants of different ages - from 5 to 70 years proved to be desiccation prone i.e.
in both old plantings and newly landscaped objects.
Сhanges in the color of
leaves and desiccation of plants parts or whole plants were very rapid. Dark
green hairy caterpillars with large black heads were detected in Buxus sempervirens crowns. Young
caterpillars feed on tissues of leaf blades, leaving the upper epidermis intact.
Adult caterpillars eat leaves entirely, as well as the bark of branches. Leaves
and stems of Buxus sempervirens are enmeshed
in a friable web, on which there are excrements of caterpillars, their molted
skins and black head sheaths.
The reason for such a rapid
desiccation of Buxus sempervirens was
the East Asian species belonging to the family of Crambidae – box tree moth – Cydalima
perspectalis Walker.
On the Black Sea coast
of Russia, caterpillars of the first generation were noted in the second half
of June, the second generation – in early and middle August.
Young caterpillars are
of greenish-yellow color, as they grow older the color of their body darkens.
Adult caterpillars retain green color of body, one thick black and a few thin
white stripes, and a number of large convex black dots are formed on the sides
of the body. The length of mature caterpillars reaches 4 cm. Caterpillars’
hatch from eggs was extended; it was possible to see caterpillars of 1-3 ages at
the same time.
The first generation
remained almost unnoticed, while the second one caused a massive desiccation of
Buxus sempervirens, including both
detached specimens and borders. The population density of the second generation
reached 60-80 caterpillars / dm2 squares of the clipped hedges. It
is noted that in shading conditions, the pest developed slower (with a delay of
approximately 5-7 days) and was less aggressive.
Pupae are 1.5-2.0 cm
long, at first green with dark stripes on the dorsal surface; the older ones are
yellowish-brown. They are located in a web cocoon among leaves and branches,
and not necessarily of Buxus sempervirens,
but also in other crops grown nearby.
The moths’ flight of the
second generation was observed in the first ten-day period of September. Medium-sized
moth is about 4 cm with a wing spread. The wings are white in the center and slightly
iridescent, around the edges there is a thick dark brown border of unequal
width. The moth is slightly iridescent with brown areas having golden glitter
and white parts with shades of violet. The body is mainly white with dark brown
head and the end of the abdomen.
In Sochi, the pest has only
been recorded in Buxus sempervirens
cultivars for the present. The given species has not yet been registered in Buxus colchica Pojark. that is aboriginal on the Black Sea
coast of Russia.
Most probably that the
species has come to the Black Sea coast of Russia together with the planting stock
of Buxus sempervirens, brought from
European nurseries. One can assume that considering the observed level of the
pest population and its prevalence on the coast (the distance between the end
points, on which the pest was registered in 2013 is about 100 km), invasion
lasts unnoticed for at least 2 years. The observations on the development of
the pest population will be continued.
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