Economic sciences / 2. Foreign-economic activity

The Master of economics Kamshibayev Yermek

East Kazakhstan state university

named after S.Amanzholov, Ust-Kamenogorsk city, Republic of Kazakhstan

The analysis of functioning of industrial parks in developing countries.

The basic varieties of special (free) economic zones in the developed countries are various forms of scientific - technological zones (industrial parks, technology towns, the innovative centers etc.). Now, Kazakhstan attempts to develop industrial - innovative economy in the country after overcoming the crisis phenomena of transition to market economy. These attempts are rather actual. Practice shows, that the country which does not think of scientific - innovative development of manufacture, in spite of even on huge natural resources, in a result will be no better off than before and will be not competitive in the world market (In due time Nigeria and Indonesia laid a large-scale oil recovery, without thinking about diversification of manufactures; after an exhaustion of its stocks in these countries there was an economic crisis caused by sharp slowing down of gross domestic product). Therefore, the accepted Strategy of industrial - innovative development of Republic of Kazakhstan for 2003-2015 years is the important step in development of economy of Kazakhstan, which the main purposes are the achievement of steady development of the country by diversification of sectoral economy and by that a deviation from a raw orientation of economy, preparation of transition in the long-term plan to service - technological economy.

What do we have to the present time? Growth of gross domestic product of Kazakhstan occurs basically due to raw sector of economy. The share of the industry in structure of gross domestic product is 33,4 %, and a share of services of scientific and scientific - innovative activity is only 0,7 %. The enterprises which would be engaged in creation and promotion of innovative products in the market are only a few. One of the indicators describing the attitude of the state to scientific and technical progress is the volume of financing of a science. So, in 2000 year, expenses on scientific researches and development in USA is 246,2 billion dollars. (2,9 % from gross domestic product), in Japan is 94, 2 (3,0 % from gross domestic product), in France is 28,0 billion dollars. (2,25 % from gross domestic product), in Kazakhstan is only 0,26 % from gross domestic product. It is necessary to note, that for successful development of an innovative policy economic experts recommend to reduce the level of investments in a science up to 2,5 % from gross domestic product. On this background, Kazakhstan needed the new innovative policy already.

In world practice, one of the most effective tools of an innovative policy is industrial parks. In market economy industrial parks are rather new phenomenon. The first industrial parks have appeared in 50^th years of the last century and became locomotives of innovative development and creation of the science intensive manufactures. For example, it is the well-known «Silicon valley» in California, where the total volume of production made by innovative firms in considered technological region, exceeds gross domestic product of some European states.

Industrial park is the organization being the legal person or executing the authority under power of attorney of the legal person, having close connections with one or several universities and/or centres of science, the industrial enterprises, regional and local authorities and managements and carrying out formation of the modern innovative environment in territory taking place under its jurisdiction with the purpose of support of innovative business by creation of material and technical, social and cultural, service, financial and other basis for effective formation, development, support and preparation for independent activity of the small and average innovative enterprises, commercial development of scientific knowledge, inventions, a know-how both the science intensive technologies and their transfer on the market of scientific and technical production for satisfaction of requirement for this production of region and the country. In other words, this structure should help to commercialize the scientific innovations and introduce them to manufacture in the minimal terms, which will promote the creation of manufacture with high additional cost.

In Kazakhstan within the framework of Strategy of industrial - innovative development, it is planning the creation of a network of regional and national industrial parks. The scientific potential of Kazakhstan and present financial opportunities of the state allow hoping for successful realization of the given projects. In Kazakhstan, number of attempts of creation industrial parks were made, however, a few the organized structures can be classified so. The industrial park "Altai" at the East Kazakhstan technical university named after D.Serikbayev in Ust-Kamenogorsk city functions in the form of the multisectoral innovative structures, covering a number of priority directions of applied, research scientific and development works in the most important branches of economy, and also in the solving of environmental problems. As a whole, in industrial park "Altai" 63 investment projects for the sum 10 billion tenge, were prepared, 58 of them have innovational character and are focused on creation competitive and export focused technologies and services, cooperation with Chinese and Russian industrial parks develops. So, industrial park of Urumuqi city creates favorable conditions for work of our employees and promotions of innovative development in this region. The question of creation of joint ventures on development of new technologies is considered with industrial parks of Tomsk and Novosibirsk. Successful development of industrial park is caused by efficient control and competent personnel policy. It is necessary to give to industrial parks "Altai" the appropriate legal status with the appropriate tax privileges on an example of others specialized industrial parks and support industrial park as the Early Field Trial at a level of the government for the full value functioning of industrial park "Altai". It will be an example for other spheres of development of innovative activity in the country.

In 2004 in Kazakhstan, near Almaty, the Park of information technologies was created on the basis of information technologies, laser and electron ray-path methods of materials processing, industrial park of Karaganda city will specialize on innovations of mineral raw material processing, industrial park of Ural city will be engaged in introduction of the Russian technologies at repair and restoration of aviation engineering. The memorandum of creation on border with the Saratov oblast of the international centre of frontier cooperation is signed in Uralsk city. Kazakh-Russian territories will enter the special economic zone, adjoining to two regional centres - Taskale and Ozinki. The industrial-logistical centre «Western gates of Kazakhstan» will be located here. It is counted up, that presence of a railway communication and automobile lines, a geographical position make economically expedient the construction of the overland port, capable to pass the big stream of cargoes. It will demand the development of the appropriate infrastructure, a network of hotels and feeding center, the construction of special terminals, creation of joint dispatching service. The project gives an opportunity of attainment of a new level of integration and is equally profitable both for Kazakhstan, and to the Russian party. At the first stages financing of industrial park will be carried out completely from state and local budgets, further their partial self-support is expected.

For development of new technologies, state needs, first, to create the favorable environment for development of innovative business and adaptation of new products and technologies (to improve the tax laws, to promote the creation venture funds), second, to adjust transfer of technologies from sector of a science into the sector of the industry, thirdly, to promote partnership between state and private sectors of economy. As a whole, the innovative model of development of economy, the concept of industrial park will allow to modernize manufacture, to make it competitive in short term and to create all conditions for improvement of an investment climate, so, to achieve steady growth of economy of Kazakhstan in the future.