Philology Science
Bauyrzhan
Elykbayev
Senoir lecturer, Philology Science Candidate
South Kazakhstan
State University
named after M.
Auezov
Republic of
Kazakhstan
Shymkent city
Some problems due to the forms of combining of the
words
Annotation
This article
demonstrates peculiarities of characteristics of concord in stable word
combinations
Key words
Word combination, forms of combining,
concord
I. Introduction
The father of Kazakh linguistics A.
Baitursunov said: “The sentence is a mind which consists of the words. When we
read and write, we give our opinions. In order to speak the words are gathered”
[1, p.263]. the sentences are formed from any words. For this purpose the words
should be chosen by meaning. Meaningful words with syntax combination form word
combinations and words with word combinations form sentences. So word and word
combinations are the materials for the sentences.
In general there is such kind of question in linguistics: is word
combination used in the sentences or out od them. Due to it different
scientists have different opinions or ideas.
Word combination is the material of
sentence. There is a such opinion in “The Grammar of Kazakh language”: “The
words enter into the structure of sentence by combining. So word combinations
are the materials for making sentences” [2, p.8], Zh. A. Zhakupov explained
“... word combination is not only sentence materail, it is also structural base
is devoted to give mind with the help of forms amd methods of combining” [3,
p.68].
When
syntax is seperated as word combination syntax and sentence syntax there have
been a lot of questions on the word combinations. They are the success of last
years. For the first time there were different opinions about the rules of word
combinations and forms of combining methods.
Generally the investigation of syntax is
begun at the ending of XIX century and a lot of scientific works were
devoted to the system of sentence.
Nevertheless, there were opinions about word combinations and parts of sentence
too. For example, one of the scienteists who wrote in Kazakh for the first time
P. M. Melioransky showed word combinations not individually, but the
combination of subject and predicate in sentence in his creative work “The
Grammar of Kazakh – Kyrgyz languages”.
“The tool of language” is a work of A.
Baitursunulu who build the Kazakh linguistics and it consists of two parts: the
sentence system and their kinds. The first part informs about parts of sentence
and ways of their forming, the second part informs about structural and
speaking types of sentence and the problems of simple and complex sentences.
There is no information about word combination in this work, but we prefer to
pay attention to the text is called “ Basym zhak (important side)”: “If subject
is one sided, the predicate is combined with it. If subject is not one but
several and every of them is many-sided, the predicate is combioned with
important part” [1, p.274]. of course, here the author does not indicate word
combination or forms of combining, but above mentioned opinion directs to the concord
form combining.
S. Amanzholov in his work “The course of
Kazakh language scientific syntax” divided grammartical combining of parts of
sentence in to four types: concord, direction-directed, adjoin and join. And
fifth form of combining is order of parts of sentence placing.
In Kazakh lionguistics the special
attention was paid to the word combination sentence in 1950. it was the M.
Balakayev who did a lot of works for investiagtion word combination syntax. In
Kazakh language, even in trukology he built word combination as a science.
Especially, his work “The main types of Kazakh languager word combination”
plays a great role in this case. The author accoprding the combining of words divided
into two groups: pronoun and verbal word combionations [4, p.p.309-406]. Due to
it professor T. Sairambayev mentioned that pronoun, verbal and common word
combinations are main, and there are common jion, common closed, except common
direction in Kazakh lanfguage. The author is in such opinion about it: “So, we
group word combination as pronoun, verbal and common major accoarding to the
main part and, inside, 1) common adjion combining word combination; 2) common
direction combining word combiantion; 3) common directed combining word combination. It is right from
the practical points of view” [5, p.p. 30-34].
In general there are some problems about
forms of combining of the words, their pronoun and verbal types, M. Balakayev
demostrated that closed, direction, common direction, join are pronoun word combinations and professor,
T. Sairambayev said: “... we prefer to divide word combinations into pronouh,
verbal and common word combinations due to the main part as types of predicate”
and suggested these types of forms of combining: direction: verbal direction,
pronoun direction, common direction, join: verbal join, pronoun join, common join, closed:
verbal closed,
pronoun closed, common closed [5, p.30].
II.
Tasks
It is clear that forms of combining of the
words is one of the complex branches of word combination syntax. We are in such
opinion, because word combination syntax began being investigated earlier from
others, bit there are no agreement between scientists in giving problems and ways
of forming of forms of combining of the words. Every author has different
opinion about forms of combining of the words. And the history of investiagtion
of forms of combining is also different. Among them problematical one is
concord. There are such problems: is concord word combinstion or sentence?
Plenty of Kazakh linguistics scientists
gave different opinions about syntax branch in this century. In publishing
these opinions the magazine “Auyl mugalymy (The teacher of village)” later
called “Halyk mugalymy (The teacher of people)” played an important role. The
works of Kh. Basymov, A. Ermekov, G. Begalyev, M. Balakayev were regularly
published. And in one of the such articles G. Begalyev said: “... when subject
is used with conjugational pronoun the predicate is combined with subject” and
mentionod comboining of the subject and predicate through conjugational
suffixes. Here author gave his opinion about vernbal predicate and, now, he
said: “When predicate is used with pronoun it is conjugational suffix form, and
this form informs only about man (I am a pupil, You are a pupil, He is a
pupil)” and proved pronoun combination [6, p.p.22-25].
There are only three forms of combining:
“concord”, “direction”, “adjoin” in Russain linguistics, even in turkology
dividing forms of combining into five groups (concord, direction, closed, join
and adjoin) in the above mentioned works.
Every author has different opinion about
forms of combining of the words. And the history of investiagtion of forms of
combining is also different. Among them problematical one is concord. There are
such problems: is concord word combinstion or sentence?
The author demonstrated: “Concord os one of
the main types of suntax combination, which the subordinate part follows main
part and accepts suitable forms which are from the grammatical meaning of
subordinate word” and indicated that concord is formed from the predicate which
is formed from the grammatical meaning of subject [4, p.18].
Generally, there are a lot of works about verbal
word combinations and, there are opinions about pronoun word combinations too.
For instance, well-known turkish scientist E. I. Ubriyateva in his work “The
investigation of yakut language syntax” said: “The main parts of word combinations
which are combined directional, appeared in special syntax constructions, can
also be different nominative forms. For example: “Men senen 35 zhylga ulkenmin.
(I am 35 year older than you)” [7], - and could not give full information about
pronoun word combination, but explained there exist pronoun words in the main
part of the word combination.
Such kind of opinion is met in the works of
the A. N. Konon. The author showed that adjectives can concord declensional
suffix words and said about pronoun word combinations.
M. Balakayev is the first author who
divided word combinations into pronoun word combination and verbal word
combination. The author demostrated not only pronoun word combinations, but
also proved their structures and ways of forming in his “The main types Kazakh
language word combinatios” in 1957. M. Balakayev divided pronon word
combinations into: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, and adverb word
combinations [4, p.p. 23-34].
It is clear that pronoun word combination
belongs to free word combinations from the above mentioned works. And such a
problem: have pronoun stable word combinations been investigated before? About
it S. N. Muratov in his book “Stable word combinations in Turkish languages”
said: “Only main types of syntax combining of words and, then, main types of
word combinations were investigated and defined in the turkology. Different
stable connection between words in the speech were not investigated enough. As
for phraseological material of Turkish languages scientists have been interested
in them only last times. But the works in this shpere are done far from the
investigation of general rules of stable
word combination forming” and informed that stable word combinations are not
investigated enough in turkology [8, p.3].
III.
The results
For investigating stable word combinations
the work of I. Kenesbayev “The dictionary of Kazakh phraseology” was used. So
he said: “ If we investigate phraseological units according to thier outside
world, it means not looking at their syntax role and phraseological meaning, we
can consider them, formally, to be free word combinations” in his above given
work, but he did not pay attention to the syntaxical side [9, p. 616]. Zh. Shakenov is against to the I.
Kenesbayev’s opinoin, he said: “The words of stable word combinations are not
seperate, all of them give onlyone menaing, and it is not connected with direct
meaning, in short their meanings are quite different from what they are
sounded. We can not divide them: the connection between components lost their
meaning absolutely” and suggested not to analyze them insidely []10, p.48]. B.
Sagyndykulu gave such opinion. The author gave these examples investigating
stable word combinations: “Ol ok boyi uzap ketip bara zhatyp... (M.
Auezov). ...Koz korim zherden ush-tort kysyler zhiga keldi (S.
Seifullyn). Minadai sarilip otyrgan kaigyny korgende, ozge bolsa zhuregy
shayilar edy (M. Auezov).
Above given stable word combinations look
like to common combination (1 sentence), word combination (2 sentence), simple
sentence. But, it is known for all, we cannot divide them”. The author
concluded his opinion in this way [11, p.80].
Of course, we cannot not to be agree with
them, but we tried to discover the syntax peculiarities of word combinations.
So we divided forms of combining into concord, direction,
closed, join according above given information.
Due to the work of I. Kenesbayev “The
dictionary of Kazakh phraseology” the individual type of stable combination is
met often:
1. Pronoun stable combinations
that second part is combined join by noun
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is noun: zhany
zhara (wounded spirit).
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is accusative declensional noun: obaly moininga(guilty).
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is instrumental declensional noun: zhany zhara (wounded spirit).
2. Pronoun stable
combinations that second part is combined join by
adjective
- the first part is
depend suffix noun, the second part is qualitative numeral: zholy ulken, zholy kishi, zholy tar, zhany
kas, zhlduzu istik, eti auyr, deny sau, dastarkhany mol, damesi zor, bosagasy
berik, daty berik, duniesi tar, zhusi zhili, zholy suik, zaty baska, zhany
baska, zoni tuzu, buiregy biteu, moiny ashyk.
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is qualitative numeral: kalamy otkir, kozi tusdai, kokiredi karagngy.
3. Pronoun stable
combinations that second part is combined join by pronoun
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is accusative conjugational pronoun: kualagym sende (I am listening to you).
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is accusative own noun: obaly ozine.
- the first part is
pronoun, the second part is pronoun and suffix “dur” and conjugational suffix: men-mendurmin,
mendurmin.
4.
Pronoun stable combinations that second part is combined join by the
words “bar” and “zhok”
- the first part is depend
suffix noun, the second part is the word “bar”: dati bar, damesi bar, esebi bar, zhani bar.
- the first part is
noun, the second part is the word “zhok”: daua
zhok, darmen zhok.
- the first part is
tttttttttttttt suffix noun, the second part is the word “zhok”: esebi
zhok, degberi zhok, zhazigi zhok.
Complex
- zero part
noun+numeral and noun: dunie zhyr ainalgan bir donggelek.
- depend noun+numeral
and numerative word: auzi alti karis, auzi alti kere, buti bes tiyn, kuni bir tiyn.
- noun and depend noun+instrumental
declensional noun: er irgesi engiste
- noun and depend suffix
non+numeral and noun: sab yr tubi sary altyn.
- noun and tttttttt
noun+-dai/-dei suffix numeral adjective:
a zu tisi balgadai
- parallel
noun-adjective: etek-zheni keng, etek-zheni sholak.
- adjective and zero
part noun+seperated numeral and noun: zhaksu soz – zharym iris.
- numeral adjective
and noun+pronoun and noun: kesimdi kun – kesilgen et.
- pronoun and zero
part noun+adjective and noun: tugan el -
torgyn besik.
- pronoun and depend
noun+pronoun and noun adjective: baskan iz – korgen kyzyk.
- pronoun and depend
noun+simple pronoun and noun: barar zhering –Balkan tau.
- genetive
delensional noun and noun depend adjective+instrumental declensional auxiliary:
adamning alasy ishinde.
- parallel noun+ the
word “bar”: zhal – tamyr bar.
IV. Conclusion
Noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun belong to
pronoun parts of speech, but we did not meet that numerals can be the second
part of stable word combination. So, it
turns out the second part of concord combining stable word combination is noun,
numeral, pronoun and the words “bar”,
“zhok”.
Bibliography
1.
Baitursunov A. Til tagylymy. – Almaty: Ana tili, 1992 . –p.444
2.
The Grammar of Kazakh language. II Syntax. – Almaty: Gylym, 1967. –p.236
3.
Zhakupov Zh. A. Functional syntax of Kazakh language (problems of
context): - Almaty, 1999. –p.225
4.
Balakayev M. The main types of
Kazakh language word combination. – Almaty, 1957. –p.122
5.
Begaliyev G . How to analyze sentence in the secondary school// Halyk
mugalymy. – Almaty, 1941. ¹1-2. –p.32-38
6.
Sairambayev T. The syntax of word combination and simple sentence.
–Almaty: Rauan, 1991. –p.176
7.
Ubriyateva E. I. The investigation of yakut language syntax. I. The
simple sentence. – M. –L. Pub. AH SSSR, 1950. – p.304
8.
Muratov S. N. The stable word combination in Turkish languages
9.
Kenesbayev I. The phraseological dictionary of Kazakh language. – A.:
Gylym, 1997. –p.711
10. Shakenov Zh. The
complex sentences and complex parts of Kazakh
language. – Almaty: Ana tili,
1991. –p.120
11. Sagyndykulu B. Parts of language is in one level. –
Pavlodar, 2004. –p.246
Bauyrzhan Elykbayev
Koshkynbayuly
Senoir lecturer, Philology Science Candidate
Work place: South Kazakhstan
State University
named after M.
Auezov
The post address: 160016,
Republic of
Kazakhstan
Shymkent city
Microurayon (Microdistrict
the) Sever
Dom (The house) ¹ 57, Kvartira (Apartment) ¹52
Contact
phone: +7(7252) 528264;
+7(701) 4668533.
E-mail: bauyrzhan1977@mail.ru