Історія / Історія науки і техніки

Mudruk O.S. 

State Scientific Agricultural Library Ukrainian Academy Agrarian Sciences

Kyiv, Ukraine

The main principles of the development scientific ideas in the soil cartography

The development of soil cartography is existed thanks to these bright soil scientists: V.L. Andronikov, Ya.I. Vavilov, V.I. Vernadskiy, D.G. Vilenskiy, V.R. Williams, G.N. Vusotskiy, I.P. Gerasimov, K.D. Glinka, N.A. Dimo, G.V. Dobrovolskiy, V.V. Dokuchaev, V.A. Kalnina, V.A. Kovda, P. Kossovich, A. Krasuk, I.A. Krupenikov, U.A. Liverovskiy, A. Nabokich, S.S. Neustruev, G.F. Nefedov, B.B. Polinov, L.I. Prosolov, A.A. Rode, I.F. Sadovnikov, N.M. Sibirzev, M.S. Simakova, U.S. Tolchelnikov, V.M. Fredland and others.

The most universal and general form of expressing our knowledge of soil cartography is utilitarian theory of evolution scientific ideas about soils phenomenon.

It supposed that the most important element of scientific theory is a principle that organically combines another theoretical elements into the whole adjusting system. The main principle of the theory combines the main laws, thoughts and concepts in some unity. The fundamental laws are the kernel of the theory. It expresses the connections between the main and outgoing concepts. A. Einstein said, a scientist had to know the directly formulated natural general principles that reflected some general features of huge amount of experimental facts... Separate research facts were not useful for the scientists until the principles of the deduction's basis found. And researcher could do nothing with empirically marked general regularity.

The principles as an theory's kernel gives a researcher an opportunity to open the ways of its further development. During theoretical search we should synthesize historical and logical sides of soil cartography's development at first. Systematization of researcher's work in the field of history of science and engineering is tight connected with comprehension and reconstruction of logics and regularity of the development of science and its internal “lines” and “axes”.

The main theoretical principles of the development of scientific thoughts about soil cartography are:

V. The principle of historical irregularity: scientific conceptions about the processes developed irregular. They accompanied the soil cartography at time. Their development is determined by not only logics of scientific ideas' movement, but the same life, its conditions and requirements. It is an difficult process. It is full of contradictions, falls, upsurges, recurrences at the new level to old, remained views, fights of different thoughts, theories. This process could not be clearly logical scheme because scientific life is rather difficult than any scheme.

VI.The principle of interaction in historical chain of scientific thoughts about soil cartography, when every new link uses the achievements of the last one and enriches with new ideas under scientific conception of historical-scientific period.

VII. The principle of historical necessity to discover gifted scientist in the field of soil cartography and soil science in the whole. It is conditioned by the scientific thought that depends on historical and socio-economical development, society's demands and conditions of concrete personality's creative activity.

VIII. Historical principle of cartography's accordance. Soils maps must correspond to their real conditions and fixed scientific level in the concrete period of cartography.

IX.Historical principle of dynamic development of soils maps. Maps could change of our knowledge and ideas about soils, searches levels and technical power, changes in the same soils and society's demands.

X. Historical principle of correlation of scientific thought in soil cartography. Scientific conception in the soil cartography correlates with world scientific thought in other scientific branches.

The first main Dokuchaev-Sibirzev's thesis is about the soils. They are unique natural phenomenon. They are created from the rock during climate agents and vegetate and animal organisms.

Every soil is situated on its own place concerning natural laws or conditions of its existence. Equivalence of soil formation's indexes lead to formation similar soils.

S.A. Zacharov (1927) gave detail analysis of soil morphology. He said that soil morphological signs had been been the one criteria of soil changes and separate facts of soil formation.

Later academician I.P. Gerasimov (1948) analysed the question of soil cartography and pointed on the structure of morphological-genetic soil profiles. It should be been the basis of soil diagnostics and systematics in the field.

Thus, modern soil science and contemporary soil cartography based on the facts as appeared from the above.