The Associated professor of the pulpit SHD KSU

Kalybekova M.CH

CORRECTIVE-LABOR CAMPS, STATIONED ON TERRITORY OF KARAGANDA AREA IN 1931-1959

Резюме

В 1934 году был образован наркомат внутренних дел (НКВД), в структуры которого передавалось главное управление лагерей и колоний - ГУЛАГ. К началу Великой Отечественной войны НКВД превратился в крупнейшее промышленно-строительное ведомство с широчайшим диапазоном выполняемых функций. Если в 1932 году в стране насчитывалось 11 исправительно-трудовых лагерей ГУЛАГа, то на начало 1949 года в его ведении находилось уже 53 лагеря и так называемых лагерей строительства НКВД, 425 исправительно-трудовых колоний. В 30-40-е годы в Казахстане, и в Карагандинской области в частности, была образована целая сеть исправительно-трудовых лагерей.

In spite of humiliation, special settlers were patriots in heavy time for country. Feeling distract of the authority, restrictions in civil rights, they have completely shared the grief and difficulties of the all soviet people. Particularly, hard test have accrued to special settlers, which for time of the war were considered by government as the cheaper labor. They formed the main skeleton mobilized in "labor army". The Labor army was fanatical invention of Public Commission of Internal Deals(PCID), allowed to double free labor prisoners workers concluded by people virgin, but in position of prisoners and being kept under guards. Special settlers were moved on the most labor area, in the first on the places of construction of the most important object of defense meaning of the railways, enterprise and mines.

In 1934 was formed department of internal deals (Public commission of internal deals (PCID)BCID), in it’s structures was sent governing the camps and colony - Main Management of Corrective Labor Camps (MMCLC)of the labor settlings and places of arrests. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic war PCID turned into the largest industrial-building department with the most broad range of executed function. At years of the war on construction site and industrial object NCIB worked two main categories "labor": prisoners and labor mobilized.

The Camp economy grew very rapidly. In 1932 in country were 11 correctives-labor camps of MMCLC (Main Management of Corrective Labor Camps of the labor settlings and places of arrests ) and in the beginning of 1949 there was found already 53 camps and camps of construction of Public commission of internal deals (PCID) 425 correctives-labor colonies [1].

MMCLC (Main management of corrective labor camps of the labor settlings and places of arrests) spread and on Kazakhstan’s territory. At the beginning of 30-th years on coal development and construction of Karaganda railway were occupied more than 30 thousands deported to labor settlement.

One of the largest structure of MMCLC (Main management of corrective labor camps of the labor settlings and places of arrests) was Karaganda camp. It occupied 9^th place on the quantity prisoners among 42 camps PCID (Public commission of internal deals). Karaganda corrective-labor camp incorporated state political management (Public commission of internal deals - MID) was created on the base of the branch Kazitlaga OGPY- state farm "Giant” and became to function as independent camp from 1 November 1931. Governing the camp was found in settle Dolinskoe.

For all history of the development Karlaga’s the number of subdivisions was changed. In the beginning this was a production regions, later they were called production area, and then in 1932 were called camp branches. In the 1 of January 1933 territory of Karlaga has divided on 9 departments, and in 1955 they have been already 33.

The Camp branches was stationed on different area on enormous territory of Karaganda corrective labor camp (CLC), now time Michurinsk, Telimansk region on Karaganda area and is zhana-Arkinsk, SHetsk region. The Main camps department of Karaganda corrective-labor camp: Karadzharsk, Dolinsk, Balhashsk, Sareptsk, Samarsk, Spassk, Espinksk, Kotursk, Dzhartassk, Tartaulisk, Burminsk, Prostornensk, Bidaisk, Karabassk, Seliko-economic Experienced station (SEES), Koksunsk, Terestinsk, Zavodsk, SHahansk, Fedorovsk, SHahtinsk, Toparsk, Kirzavodzhsk, Dubovsk and others. The names of camps department occurred from inhabited point, where was found branch.

Karlag was one of the largest agricultural bases, independent, large producing farm. The subdivisions of the camp were an agricultural enterprise, which were economic attitude independent self-supporting unit. Branches on nature and direction of its economic activity and organizations was sovkhoz, has been occupying greater territory of agricultural land.

The Main directions of facilities were the grain and stock-breading. But and industry on branch is developed - as metalworking (Repair - a fur factory), sewing (Akmolinsk garment factory), felting, building materials, leather industry, glass industry, fuel industry, food industry. Besides, Dzhezkazgansk region of Karlaga serviced the mines of Narkomchermet, Narkomcvetmet and construction of the railways. Also there was Tenkeriysk porcelain plant on territory of the camp.

The Quota of the filling of Karaganda’s CLC (corrective labor camp) is tracked by years. On list composition on 1^st of October 1931 was listed 12174 persons, on 1^st of January 1941was 51404 persons, on 1^st of January 1950 was 54180 persons. The whole for period since 1931 to 1959 through Karlag passed approximately 800 000 persons [2].

After the war system of MMCLC (main management of corrective labor camps of the labor settlings and places of arrests) has became else more sinister type. The Resolution of the Soviet of Minister of USSR from 2^nd of February 1948 was solved to organize the camp and prisons with strict regime for contents of specifically dangerous government criminals. In special camp the saboteurs terrorists, the participant of anti-soviet organization and groups from the general corrective-labor camps were transferred.

The Steep Special camp MIB USSR was the first Special camp on territory of Karaganda area. In its complement were formed branches: N1-in village Rudnik station Novorudnaya of Karaganda railway, on the base of second department camp of Dzhezkazgan region of Karlaga MIB with using prisoners in blazed-ore work of Mincvetmet. Special settlers (1053 persons) worked in the enterprise of Narkomcvetmet.

N 2 -in village Spaszavodsk, on the base of Spaszavodsk department camp for prisoners of war from the number weakened and unfit to physical work.

Later to number of acting camp subdivisions of the Steep camp included else 6 department camps:N 3-village Dzhezkazgan-Kengir; N4-village Dzhezkazgan-Rudnik; N5-village Dzhezdy; N6-village Dzhezkagzan-Kengir; N7-village Baikonur; N8-village Balhash.

One more post was formed for servicing the labor power from prisoners on contractor basis of the East Mine of Balhash cooper factory of Ministry of metallurgical industry of USSR in the middle of 1949. Prisoners basically were used on underground type of the work in ore mine.

The Special camp N8 - a Sandy camp MIB USSR, its location was defined in coal field of Karaganda on the base of the camp of prisoners of the war N 99 MIB. The Sandy camp counted 3 camp branches. The prisoners were used in such work: in mine and on the other enterprise and building coal industry. The main production profile was a construction of the mines, dwelling and other cultural-service objects on the territory of city Karaganda and Karaganda area.

In 1952 on the base of department camp of Sandy camp of MIB of USSR was formed Distant Camp with the centre in the village Ekibastuz of Pavlodar area, which has existed before May 1954.

At the end 1949 was formed Special camp N9 - Meadow camp of MIB of USSR. Management of the camp was stationed in the settle Dolinskoe of Karaganda area. Its organization was connected with construction of the coal mines on Churubay-Nurinsk’s deposit of coal of Karaganda field.

For years of the war by special resolutions of Government contingents from the number of special settlers together with native population were mobilized for working in industry and on the most important construction.

The Policy of state became cruel and was directed to "physical possibilities of the camp labor power were used greatly in any producing" [3]. This witnesses the Edict of the Presidium of the SUPREME SOVIET of USSR from 5^th of June 1939 "About camps PCID (public commission of internal deals) of USSR", on which it was necessary to refuse from the system of conditionally-ahead of schedule discharge of camp’s contingents, to stop practice of count one workday for two days in prison and conditionally- ahead of schedule liberation from camp. To raise the stimulus for increasing of capacity of the labor to install for separate workers, giving high factors to capacity of the labor, money prize, the improvement of conditions in the camp. But as for concerns the shirker, who refuse from work and disorganizers of production, the cruel measures of the enforcement were used; the escalated camp mode, prison cell, the worst materially conditions and other measures of disciplinary punishment. To the most fraudulent disorganizers of the camp life and production were used more cruel, judicial measures of the punishment, in separate events, inclusive high measure of the punishment.

For years of the Great Patriotic war has gained its exclusive importance preparing the skilled workers for industry and transport. The State labor reserves were one of the forms of the renewing worker class since the first days of the war - in this system was realized broad preparing of skilled personnel for leading branches of industry, transport and construction.

The mobilization of youth to schools of factory training and to craft and railway school was hold such way as mobilization to Labor army on base of governmental document.

The List of the used literature:

1. Zemskov V.N. Prisoners in 30-th years // Sociological studies. 1996. N 7. P.3.

2. Materials by the State Archive of Karaganda area.

3. Committee on town-planning and architecture of RK. F.1109p. L.2. D.2. Tie.1. S.6.