*119860*
Usachev
V.A.,Shamkalovich A.E.
Donetsk national
university of economics and trade named after Mikhailo Tugan-Baranovsky
Socio-economic
and political development of Ukraine in the early twentieth century
At the
turn of the XIX-XX centuries, Ukraine remains divided between the two empires -
the Russian, which included land east of Zbruch (Eastern Ukraine), and
Austria-Hungary, in which there were Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina and
Transcarpathia (Western Ukraine). Under the rule of the majority of Ukrainian
population of Russia. At the beginning of XX century in the eastern Ukraine
rapidly developing industry and agriculture. It was a period of intense
penetration of capitalism into all areas of the economy. The most important
centers promyshlennostistali Donbass and the Dnieper. In 1900, Ukraine gave
69.5% coal, 57.2% iron ore, pig iron 51.8% of the total market of the Russian
Empire.
Since
the end of XIX century in the Russian economy, as in other countries,
significant changes begin. Increases the concentration of the industry, there
are monopolistic industry associations (cartels, syndicates, trusts,
corporations), opened numerous banks, in particular, the Azov-Don, which
increasingly affect the development of production. Merging of bank capital with
industrial led to the formation of financial capital.
Thanks
to the rich minerals, as a result of Russian and foreign investments Eastern
Ukraine in this respect was ahead of many Russian regions. Already in 1887, in
Kiev, the Sugar Syndicate formed in the early XX century rose syndicates
"Prodvagon" (1901), "P" (1902), "Truboprodazha"
(1902), "nail" (1903). It was pretty powerful combination. In
particular, it was established in 1904 syndicate "Produgol", which
consisted of 18 separate joint stock companies controlled 75% of the coal
production in the Donets Basin. However, bringing the bourgeoisie profits even
in a crisis, while monopoly hindered economic development, obstacles to
technological progress, narrowed the scope of the regulatory impact of market
relations.
In
eastern Ukraine are located 21% of the industrial enterprises of the Russian
empire, but much of it held by foreign entrepreneurs - the Germans, the French,
the Belgians and the British. While there has been progress in the economy observed
phenomena that hindered its development. First, you need deposed attention to
the uneven development of agriculture in different regions of Ukraine. So, on
the left bank were the elements of feudalism (labor-service system), in the
South West region of petty-bourgeois farming existed in the south - a
developing capitalist agriculture.
In
Western Ukraine, first of all there have been some significant extractive
industries (oil, wood). At the beginning of XX century the dominant position in
the industry in Eastern Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia took monopolistic
associations. Increased concentration of production. From 1902 to 1910 the
number of workers Galicia increased by a third, and the number of enterprises
decreased by almost half However Galicia, Transcarpathia, Bukovina remained
agrarian and raw material appendage of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
In the
social sphere, the main consequence of capitalist development was the growth of
the working class, which in the beginning of the century was more than 500
thousand people. Compositionally, the working class was multinational. By
enterprises in Ukraine worked not only Ukrainian, but also Russian, Belarusian,
Polish, Jews, Latvians, and other nationalities.
Growing
social tension, which was due to the economic crisis of 1900-1903, increased
exploitation of the working class, the poor harvest of 1902, the existence of
large landed estates and the corresponding lack of land and land hunger of the
vast majority of peasants. Public discontent engendered numerous labor strikes
(general political strike of 1903), the revolt of the peasants in the Poltava
and Kharkov in 1902, demonstrations and performances of students in Ukraine.
At the
beginning of XX century Russia was the focal point of all social contradictions,
the focus of brutal exploitation of workers and the national and colonial
oppression, intertwined with the tsarist police despotism, lack of
representative government and the absolute insecurity of civil rights. The need
for radical, changes realized almost the general population. The gradual
increase of the revolutionary crisis caused the emergence of different
political parties. In 1898 established the RSDLP, which later in 1903 was split
into two wings - the Bolshevik (radicals) and the Mensheviks (moderate). Heirs
populists formed Party of Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs). During the
revolutionary events of 1905-1907.
Ask the
party that defended the interests of the bourgeoisie and the bourgeois
intelligentsia (Octo, cadets, etc.). Landlords and the big bourgeoisie united
mainly around the Progressives and the various monarchical parties.
In Ukraine, apart
from organizing parties in Russia, there were national parties. Among them:
Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP), National Ukrainian Party (NUP),
Ukrainskayademokraticheskaya Party (UDP) and the Ukrainian Radical Party (SRS).
The
last two in 1905, united in the Ukrainian Radical Democratic Party (URDP).
which put Ukraine's autonomy revenge in the bourgeois Russia. Just on the eve
of the Russian Revolution in Ukraine, there were about 50 parties.
Thus,
the characteristic feature of this period was the advantage of the left in the
Ukrainian national-socialist forces. Ukrainian liberals and conservatives were
not able to join its organizational strength on a national basis, and therefore
focused on the national political parties, the conservative and liberal trends.