*119641*
Usachev V.A.,Zikunova N.E
Donetsk
Natioinal University of Economiks and Trade named after Tugan-Baranovsky
The
industrialization of the Western world.
In the late 17th
century in England after the Revolution, finally put an end to feudalism, established
bourgeois-democratic political system, mainly continued to exist in our time. But she had England won the struggle for supremacy on the seas in the
16th century Spain, in the 17th century, Holland in the 18th century, France
has become a global superpower. Being a small country,
it became the center of a vast colonial empire, which included nearly all of
North America, India and other regions. This meant an influx of new capital into the British industry and the
growing demand for British manufactured goods. Unprecedented in the history of
European mass armies and navies, which have served hundreds of thousands of
people, generated massive demand for specific English standardized products
(tissue specific varieties for different uniformirovannoy clothes soldiers
arms, uniform buttons, boots, helmets, standard bayonets, rifles and ammunition
of the same caliber, and so on). Especially the demand for cotton fabrics for
underwear. British cotton industry born British colonial empire (cotton from
the British colony of India and North America) in a bitter competitive struggle
woolen industry, which managed to win over to win due to higher demand and
lower prices. Mismatch manual
technology increased demand for cotton fabrics resolved introduction of machines.
First mechanized cotton spinning process (tulle machine S.Kramptona, 1783). As
the yarn was more urgently needed power loom, which was invented in 1785 by E.
Cartwright. New machine replaces 40 weavers, demanded more than 30 years for
its wide use in the production, which was explained by the high price and the
beginning of its resistance to the weavers, whose work it replaced. After the
mechanization of spinning and weaving the need arose in the minds of the
universal motor, which does not depend on the forces of nature (such as a water
wheel.) This engine was a steam engine, created by James Watt (patented in
1784). In the same year built the first steam-spinning factory. The steam
engine was truly universal use in industry, and a little later, and transportation.The
use of machines has caused a sharp increase in demand for the metal.
Constrained by the lack of development of the industry of charcoal, and the use
of coal has turned poor quality metal. In 1784 the Court invented the puddling
furnace, which provided steel iron with mineral oil, and his invention of a
pressure roller enabling production of metal products desired configuration.
Labour productivity in industry because of these inventions has increased
15-fold.Progress of metallurgy, in turn, contributed to the rapid development
of the English coal industry. In mines there rails ("tram") for horse
hauling coal. The combination of rail and steam engine gave the railroad. The
first locomotive was created by George Stephenson v1814 year and railways in
1824, a mechanized water transport on the basis of the inventive American H.
Fulton steamer appeared earlier. The emergence of the railways and to create
the basis of stable communication between the various economic regions and
industries caused a radical change in the economic life of the country.One of
the recent problems of the industrial revolution was the construction of
factory machines themselves: an entirely new industry, mechanical engineering.
This was aided by the creation of the main types of machine tools, lathes
(G.Modeli, 1798) and planer (Brahm, 1802). The creation of factory machinery
(first half of the 19th century) and culminated in a technological revolution
the economy of England. If in 1800 in England, employs 320 steam engines, then
a quarter of a century, more than 15 thousand.The coup took place not only in
technology: in England formed the structure of bourgeois industrial society.
With the help of cheap manufactured goods bourgeoisie destroyed the handicraft
industry. Emergence of new industrial centers and in the middle of the 19th
century almost half of England was employed in the industry. The main producer
of a textile worker, and a place at the head of the merchant took the fabric of
bourgeois society. Industrial revolution, as the shift from the manufacturing
to the car, the factory, the production stage was the real revolution that
takes place in the history of each country only once. The first in the history
of mankind English Factory industry took a unique position in the world
economy. During the Napoleonic Wars and the continental blockade of England by
France and its dependent states access to the mainland of British cars to a
halt, and therefore the modernization of European industry is very delayed.
After the defeat of Napoleon, when the continental countries have returned to
the world economic development, British industry has moved forward quickly and
compete with it for the time being excluded. Cost of British industrial goods
produced machines continuously decreasing. Pound paper yarn, which in 1788 was
worth 35 shillings in 1800 is worth nine shillings, and in 1833 decreased to 3
shillings. This decrease in prices, of course, provided the most comprehensive
English products, truly global, market. The most vulnerable
point in the British economy was dependent on grain imports. Thanks fencing
Britain has become a country of unlimited domination of the big landowners, and
although much of the land leased by farmers, entrepreneurs, the country's needs
in the bread does not cover. However the British farming is under the
protection of agricultural protectionism to benefit large landowners. According
to the "bread" of the Act of 1815, the import of grain in the country
permitted, unless the domestic price is higher than 82 shillings per quarter.
This is a "beater" and the workers and the bourgeoisie, as the high
cost labor, and did not contribute to the export of British manufactured goods,
which in response to the corn duties levied abroad by high customs duties.
English people hated Corn Laws abolished in 1864. Repeal of the Corn Laws was
the basis of a new, yet unknown in the world of economic policy of unrestricted
freedom of trade, which is a hundred years later became the foundation of
European economic integration.