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Usachev V. A., Ivanchenko A. S.

Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after M. Tugan-Baranovsky

The Executed Renaissance

The Executed Renaissance - literary and artistic generation of 20 - early 30's in the Ukraine, which gave a highly artistic works of literature, painting, music, theater, and which was destroyed by the totalitarian Stalinist regime.

The term «Executed Renaissance» was first proposed by Yuri Lavrinenko diasporas specialist in literature, taking it as the title of the collection of the best texts and poetry of 1920-30 period. During this decade (1921-1931), Ukrainian culture was able to offset three hundred-year lag and even outweigh the fatherland in the influence of other cultures, in particular the Russian (October 1, 1925, in Ukraine there were 5,000 writers).

Major literary associations of 20-30 years were «Òhe Lanka» (later «MARS»), «Plug» neoclassical «Molodnyak», «Writers' Union of Western Ukraine» LOCHAF (union of army and navy). The most influential was "Hart", which was later renamed "VAPLITE" ("Free Academy of Proletarian Literature"). It is represented by Nicholay Khvylyovyi and beginning glorious literary discussion period 1925-1928 and won it by proving the existence and the need for national-specific Ukrainian literature, focused on Europe, not Russia.

The main components of the modern elite, its outlook was rebellion, independence of thought and a genuine belief in their own ideals. Most of them were intellectuals who were betting on the individual, not the mass.

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union felt defeat and launched prohibited methods: repression, silence, crushing criticism, arrests, executions. Beginning of mass destruction of the Ukrainian intellectuals considered in May 1933, when the arrest took place on 12-13 of Michael Yalovoy and Nicholay Khvylyovyi suicide.

Before that writers had a choice: suicide (Nicholay Khvyliovyi), repression, and the concentration camps (Borys Antonenko-Davidovich, Ostap Vishnya), silence (Ivan Bagrianiy, Victor Petrov (Domontovych)), emigration (Vladimir Vinnichenko Eugeniy Malaniuk), or writing works that praised the party (Pavlo Tichina, Nicholay Bajan). More artists were arrested and shot. Works taken to a warehouse, banned, suppressed, many have been lost forever. Although it functioned in an independent publishing house (Ivan Bagrianiy), manuscript copies, went abroad. When, in 1947, Ivan Bagrianiy issued abroad his poetry collection "The Golden Boomerang", the second was called "Remains of a lost, repressed and destroyed."

The culmination of the repressive actions of the Soviet regime was November 3, 1937. Then, "in honor of the 20th anniversary of the Great October Revolution" in the Solovki Special Purpose Camp were shot Oles Kurbas, Nicholay Kulish, Matvey Jaworski, Vladimir Chekhov, Valerian Podmogilny, Pavel Filipowicz, Valerian Polishchuk, Grigoriy Epic, Miroslav Irchan, Mark Voronoy, Michail Kozoris, Oleksa Slisarenko, Michail Yalovoy and others. In general, in one day by a decision of non-judicial authorities, it was executed more than 100 members of the Ukrainian intellectuals - the color of the Ukrainian nation.

In the thirties, a large number of artists of the older generation was also destroyed, who became known even before the Soviet regime, and thus belong to a generation of leaders of the early 20th century, not 1920-30. This is Lyudmila Starytska-Chernyakhovskaya, Nicholay Voronoy, Sergey Efremov, Gnat Khotkevich and others. However, due to the policy of Ukrainization they were actively involved in the processes of development of Ukrainian literature, culture, science, which took place in the USSR, some of them for the sake of the return from exile, as Nicholay Voronoy, or specially moved from Ukrainian regions under Polish rule as Anton Krushelnitsky family.

Not know the exact data of the number of Ukrainian intellectuals repressed during Stalin's repressions Executed Renaissance period. According to some reports this number reached 30,000. According to the Association of Ukrainian Writers' Word "(Organization of Ukrainian writers in exile), which was mailed December 20, 1954 to the Second All-Union Congress of Writers, in 1930, published 259 Ukrainian writers, and after 1938 - of which only 36 were published (13,9%). According to the organization, 192 of the "missing" 223 writers were repressed (shot or sent down to the camps with possible subsequent execution or death), 16 - went missing, 8 - committed suicide. These data are consistent with the martyrology of Ukrainian writers "Altar of grief" (the chief compiler - Oleksa Musienko), which has 246 writers who are victims of Stalinist terror. This number is more than twice the total number of Ukrainian writers mentioned there other modes of repression, in particular during the Nazi occupation (55), the Brezhnev era (29), Russian Empire (11), Austria-Hungary Empire (3), etc. On the other data of 260 Ukrainian writers were persecuted 228.

Works of poets and writers of the Executed Renaissance study programs of universities and schools.