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PhD Doctoral candidate: Khamidullina Dinara Ulykpanovna

The Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Kazakhstan

Immigration policy of Stalinism in Kazakhstan

The reasons for the deportation of the people of the USSR in the time of mass political repressions could be explained by political reasons and the need to strengthen the camp economy. The tragedy of Stalinism's resettlement policy first experienced the Koreans. Test experiment of this terrible policy took place in 1935. In preparation for the war, the Japanese authorities moved the border of Koreans inside the country, manifesting distrust to him. Retaliation Act of the Soviet Government was relocation of the Soviet Koreans inland. Formal charge: the possibility of representatives of the Korean people as infiltrators of the Japanese army. This experience was a success. World public opinion didn't notice this event, had preparations for another war. So there wasn't any international uproar. Inside of the country were a powerful wave of repression, so had no one to intercede. Displaced persons of 1935 were awaited by lamentable fate. Individual families, practically, caught in the international environment, dissolved in it and lost identity. Some of them got in Kazakhstan.

The 1937 year entered in the history of the Soviet period as the year of mass terror and repression struck to many of the millions of people of all nationalities inhabiting one-sixth of the Earth's land surface. That year was the most tragic chapter in the annals of Koreans in the former USSR. The chapter which content was in one word “ deportation”. Until recently, the theme of the deportation of the Soviet Union people was closed to scientific analysis and public discussion. However, the theme of the deportation, of course, was operated by the Soviet researchers, but in relation to other countries. The concept of "deportation" was given a one-sided interpretation: " Latin deportation-exile, expulsion from the State as a measure of criminal and administrative penalties.

Far East Koreans were the first people of the Soviet Union who suffered from deportation, then was followed dozens of others: Germans, Kurds, Poles, Crimean Tatars, Chechens, etc. the deportation has not been exclusive to the Koreans forced a measure of forced relocation, so the obvious question is, what are the common causes of deportations of many peoples in 30-40 years? [2]. As you know, the idea of deportation of Koreans had its own background in the late of 20 's-early 30-ies Soviet leadership has built plans for resettlement of Koreans from border districts of the Primor region in the remote territory of Khabarovsk region [3].

In September 28, 1937, the Soviet people's committee of the USSR signed the Molotov and N. Petrunicheva took an additional Decree No. 1647-377 \"of Koreans from the far eastern region\" about total deportation of Koreans from all territories DCK, including the inner ones, deep areas and neighboring areas. On the basis of this governmental decision hastily identified, detained, subjected to arrests and deportation of Koreans living or passed out in the cities of Central Russia, where Koreans with the same success can be suspected in spying for Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, etc, in this regard, the reference to \"preventive\" and \"Elimination of foreign espionage\" as the main or only reason for the deportation was unconvincing and insufficient.

Disastrous consequences for Russian and Ukrainian nation brought the collectivization, accompanied by dispossession of kulaks, and expulsion of millions of peasants, as well as repression of intellectuals. In 1937-1938 years, crazy idea of punishment of population (for that it’s unclear) was applied to the Korean nation of the Soviet Far East. It forcibly relocated to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. A flagrant violation of the basic principles of the national policy were the deportation from the Baltic Republics and the Western parts of Belarus and Ukraine at the end of 30 -40 's. The Stalin's concept of responsibility for the acts of individual social misfits and nationalist factions led to blame of betrayal of whole group of people during the Great Patriotic War. Instead of punishing of certain traitors (where they were), by despotism of Stalin have been deprived of national statehood and one evicted the Germans of the Volga, the Crimean Tatars, the Chechens, the Ingush, the Balkars, the Karachays (annex 4). The Greeks, the Bulgarians, the Meskhetian Turks, the Hemshidy, the Kurds, the Armenians (from Akhalkalaki, Ahalcike have been forcibly evicted [5].

The threat of eviction looms over the Abkhaz people, who was systematically infringing the rights from the Stalin-Beriev’s administration over 20 -early 50 's.

The Great Patriotic War was ended. Soviet people suffered from enormous human and material losses. It won a great historic victory. It seemed the national peace have finally come to. Instead, in 1948, in connection with the "Leningrad affair" was repressed a large part of the Estonian intelligences. Meanwhile, part of the population of the Baltic States, Moldavia, Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia were disposed with dispossessing of kulaks . Although was artificially "fight against cosmopolitanism". It was an absurd propaganda of the absolute superiority of Russian Science and Culture over Western images; the notorious "the case of doctors" was fabricated that it had anti-Semitic orientation. At the same time was a gradual and steady strengthening of the role of the Centre, resulting in, for example, making a number of Republican people's Commissariat (ministries) in the Union-Republican (Interior, trade, education and others).

During the domination of Joseph Stalin's regime personal power in the period of stagnation the process of deformation of national policy was accompanied by the corresponding theoretical-legal justification." In particular, great harm to the theory and practice of national relations dealt a thesis about the decision of the national question, which was actively promoted without a real attempt to understand the true essence. Instead of a specific analysis of the facts to which they sought to use objective researchers, scholastic, dogmatism were promoted imaging of prosperity and convergence between Nations. The National policy, both in the Centre and in the republics was beyond criticism. For decades negative processes were accumulated such as the infringement of the rights of the Union Republics and autonomous areas, the limiting their economic and political independence. Many of the problems of the development of languages, culture, preservation of historic monuments, nature conservation were ignored not receiving the proper evaluation [6].

Stalin put forward the doctrine of socialist and non-socialist Nations. All repressed peoples were excluded from the list of Nations, they were forbidden to even mention in any tutorial, history books, the media studiously avoided the fact of their existence. Totally deported populations were ordered to disappear from the map of the Soviet Union, they were created such conditions of physical and moral existence, that inevitably-planned were supposed to lead to the extinction of these peoples, they were forbidden to speak their native language, and the writing systems were withdrawn from circulation. For children receiving passports strongly to threats and the use of repressive measures were recommended the change of nationality. There was the task dissolving these peoples in the mass of the others. The next census gave the desired results: the number of unnecessary people decreased. So the number of repressed peoples in official statistics is not the same as real: it greatly understated on the various "public and political reasons". The peoples subjected to repression, until 1957, were in special regime and were called special contingent and special resettles. They were used on the most physically hard, unskilled work, from them were consisted the work army, that keeping worse and inhuman than the camp prisoners, not even compare with their brutality of concentration camps. Those were adults, able-bodied men and women. Leaving without breadwinners the children and elderly people were relegated to starvation. About the education of the children of special contingent were not cared for, despite the announced universal secondary education. Those children who studied were continuously subjected to discrimination in their schools by teachers and students. To get education youth special resettles was only personal ability, tenacity and thanks to the meeting with friendly people [7].

In the post-war period, Soviet-the special settlers- workers were doomed to oblivion, powerlessness, grudge and injustice. They were not noticed. In the days of the victory and different celebrations deservedly were honored the veterans of the war. Multiplied the orders and medals, they proudly were sitting in the presidiums, and humiliated, offended work forcers without a single Medal for his hellish work were sitting somewhere in a corner, silently mourning their dead wrapping corpses and desecrated his life. His huge contribution to the common victory was failed to take into account, not to mention. And he was immensely difficult and embarrassing to the society, the family, children and grandchildren. Armed with full the guard-escort, conducted the defenseless and jaded 16-17-year-old girls- work settlers to logging in severe frost, under ferocious barking dogs, then, in peacetime, was equal in status to a participants of the Great Patriotic War, he sought additional benefits and rights, Jubilee medals, he was speaking to schoolchildren, excitedly telling how he had gamely defended the Motherland from the hated enemy. To see how flourishing lies, injustice- was not more humiliation for workers-settlers. Deportation in fact was the real and brutal repression. Twelve ethnic groups-under total deportation only for national identity: you are a criminal, because you are a german, an ingush, a chechen, a balkarec, a karachaevec, a kurd, a meskhetin, a turks. They are repressed people. And refer to them was committed the true genocide.

On the tried and tested for decades the camp regime the people punished by "the ruler, the teacher of all Nations and times” were put : 1 124 93 germen, 316 717 chechens, 165259 crimean tatars, 81475 ingushes, 83118 kalmyks, 63 327 karachaens, 47 284 turky-meskhetins, 42112 greeks, 40162 balkarinas, 12465 bulgarians, 8843 kurds. Ubiquitous bodies of the MIA used their tools to complete social isolation of special settlers, leaving the last one, the role of the slave-holding heavy physical work. As of January 1, 1950 years in General Directorate of correctional labor camps 2 561 351 men were kept (1416300 in the camps and 1145051-in the colonies), from them 578 912-for counter-revolutionary crimes (art. 58). In the prisons of the USSR of December 1948, were kept 230 641 defendants and convicts.

As of January 1, 1950 on special settlement, in exile and expulsion there were 2 660 040 people, 988 373 of them in the Kazakh Republic. Totally there were just around 5.5 million punished people. After the death of Stalin the actions of deportation were condemned as illegal. On January 1, 1990, 807288 people were rehabilitated, repressed on decisions "triples" and special meetings, as well as 31 342 men prosecuted by judicial and prosecutorial authorities. In Kazakhstan on May 1, 1997, out of a hundred thousand convicts by judicial organs of the Republic in those years were rehabilitated 91 868 people. More than 60 thousand so-called deportees were cleaned, whom the system apparently brought in lists of unreliable [8].

Nowadays there are huge interest to the documents that illuminates the truth of the tragic events of past. Recently on the topic of total deportations of people are written quite a few artistic and historical-public works. All the memories of eyewitnesses of the events, all the works of this theme, painted mainly one tonality: the grief, the pain, the horror, the tragedy. However, the full story of the deportation of peoples that was one of the most heinous of inventions of the Stalinist regime has not written yet, it is waiting its researchers who can penetrate into the essence of this crime against humanity. To reveal not only the mechanism of this barbarism, but its progenitor, the origins, causes and forms of expression. It is advisable to try to explain why this is a crime generally could be on such a scale in “the separately dated country”, explained it from the point of view of psychology, sociology, social order, of ideology. It is a truly giant task ahead for future generations of researchers.

Today, paying the tribute to the memory of those who died or was repressed, we should not forget that we must restore the names of all the victims, publish the Book of memory, install the monuments at sites, primarily on the territory of the former camp. Were still alive who were forcibly exiled to Kazakhstan, and this means we must collect and publish their memoirs. The national-cultural centers , historians, journalists, non-governmental organizations can take part. How many unread pages in our history, how many people are waiting for attention to restore the trampled ... Preserving historical memory, we support and strengthen public health. This is a boon for each citizen of Kazakhstan.

The main difficulty in learning the processes and events of 30-40 years that we should explore them with historical experience and at the same time, to understand as were processes and events of contemporaries, that is, whom lived and worked in those years, sincerely believing that they are building socialism and achieved great success on this path, because in the 30 years they have been convinced that the country has entered the era of socialism. We should, however, be careful, critical approach to terminology of those years.

REFERENCE

1. Kozybaev M.K. Trudarmejcy of Kazakhstan to protect the fatherland. – Phoenix, 1997. -255 p.

2. Kydyralina Z.a. Soviet and trudarmejcy in Western Kazakhstan (1937-1957). -Almaty, 2005.-158 p.

3. Kang G. History of Koreans in Kazakhstan. -Almaty: gylym, 1995.-208.

4. RK socio-economic development of Koreans (1937 – 2003). The historical aspect. -Almaty, 2004. – 153 p.

5. Shotbakova L. National aspect of the resettlement policy and indigenization in Kazakhstan in the 1917-1941. Moscow, 2004. – 190 pp.

6. Medikulova G.M. Historical fate of the Kazakh diaspora : origin and development. – Almaty: the Institute of history and Ethnology, Gylym, 2002. – 264 p.

7. Abdakimov A.T. History (from ancient times to the present day). – Almaty: Kazakhstan, 2003.-257.

8. Kozybaev M.K. Trudarmejcy of Kazakhstan to protect the fatherland. – Phoenix, 1997. -255 p.