Usachev
V.A., Zhukov Evgeniy Evgenievich
Donetsk University of
Economics and trade named Tugan-Baranovsky
An ecological crisis is in Donbas
A
very important factor that significantly affects the territorial organization
of the entire socio-economic life and the efficiency of production, is the
environmental situation. In recent decades, in Ukraine it has deteriorated
significantly. One of the main factors that affect the environment, is to
develop the mining and processing industries with obsolete technologies and the
associated excessive urbanization in many areas, especially the Donbass.
Donbass
- is a major industrial region of Ukraine, where there are thousands of large
industrial enterprises, industrial, industry associations and enterprises of
fuel and energy, mining, metallurgy, chemical industry, heavy industry,
construction industry, and agriculture. Donbass provides most of the industrial
production in Ukraine, and in the most environmentally hazardous industries.
The
high concentration of industrial and agricultural production, transport
infrastructure, coupled with high population density, have created an extremely
high technological and human pressure on the biosphere - the highest in Ukraine
and Europe. Cumulative human impacts on the region one is 4 times higher than
the average for Ukraine. Donbass has reserves of almost all chemical elements.
The main natural resources of the region are deposits of coal. Its reserves
only in the Donetsk region are estimated at 25 billion tons, which can meet the
needs of Ukraine than one decade.
Despite
the recession, bringing the total number of discharges and emissions
significantly reduced the load on the biosphere of Donbass is still one of the
largest in Europe. Enterprises in the region emit about one-third of the total
amount of pollution in the Ukraine. High speed and scale of technological
processes, the huge displacement of rock masses cause large amounts of
dispersion of many chemical elements (primarily carbon and heavy metals),
causing accumulation in the environment of compounds of chemical elements in
the unusual nature of the combination.
Makeevka
Dneprodzerzhinsk, Odessa, Donetsk, Gorlovka - the dirtiest cities of Ukraine.
According to the MOE, the air in these locations contains the greatest amount
of harmful substances. Residents industrial centers not only breathe dust and
heavy metals, phenol, hydrogen fluoride benzopirenom, nitrogen dioxide and
other compounds. Central Geophysical Laboratory MOE established the most
critical state of the atmosphere in the East. The biggest problems with the
ecology in Donbass. Further, the "dirty" rating following cities of
Dnipropetrovsk, Zaporizhzhya, Luhansk regions, and even the Crimea. But the
quality of the air in Kiev, according to experts, above the national average.
In the capital city of environmental concern has taken place in the third ten,
the newspaper "Delo".
Leadership
Makeevka (satellite city of Donetsk) in the ranking of the most environmentally
disadvantaged urban observatory specialist explains the sharp increase in the
level of benzopyrene - the substance of the first class of danger. In the
atmosphere of the city is 4.6 times the permissible level. "Perhaps this
is due to increased emissions of enterprises may fail the prevailing weather conditions.
Due to weak winds and low level drops rasseivaemosti benzopyrene accumulating
in the atmosphere ", - said Irina Kolesnik, head of the information
department TSGO.
Head
of the Department of Ecology Makeyevka City Council Vladimir Novosad said that
high pollution in the first place, provoked many industries. "We have one
metallurgical plant, two coke, one truboliteyny. In addition, a huge damage to
the environment causes the coal industry, especially mine, which are fully and
have not been closed, "- said the official. According to him, near the
mines are heaps. Some of them smoke. As a result, the dust and dirt spread
throughout the city.
In
the area of population 4.95 million people (about 10% of the
population of Ukraine). The population density is 191 people per 1 km2. 90% of
the population lives in cities and towns. It contains about 2,000 industrial
companies (800 of which are large) mining, metallurgy, chemical industry,
energy, heavy machinery and construction materials, operates about 300 mineral
deposits. The high concentration of industrial, agricultural, transportation
infrastructure, combined with a significant population density places an enormous
burden on the biosphere - the largest in Ukraine and Europe.
Donetsk
region is one of the most ecologically intense regions of Ukraine. The current
environmental situation in Donetsk can be described as threatening, formed over
a long period. The economy of the city characterized by a high proportion of
resource and energy-intensive technologies, implementation and capacity
building undertaken without appropriate treatment facilities. This has led to
significant degradation of the environment in Donetsk, excessive pollution of
surface and ground water, air and land accumulation in very large quantities of
harmful, including toxic waste. These processes continue for decades and have
led to a deterioration in health, reduce fertility and increased mortality. One
of the most pressing problems of the city is the air pollution. The atmospheric
air of Donetsk defines social-industrial complex, formed in the city and is
characterized by certain emissions (pollutants) in the atmosphere, as well as
weather conditions have a significant effect on the transport and dispersion of
pollutants. Into the air of pollutants emitted wide spectrum, including
nitrogen dioxide, which is a leader. Large amounts of pollutants into the air
and Donetsk region in general come with almost all businesses. So today is
quite urgent issue of reducing emissions of nitrogen oxides in the stationary
and mobile sources.
The
most acute problems are pollution of air and water pollution, hazardous waste
accumulation.
The
largest volumes of pollutants into the atmosphere have the industry:
1.
Coal
2.
Electric Utilities
3.
Ferrous metallurgy
Output - reduce
exposure to environmental factors and
life expectancy.