История /2. Общая история

The doctor of historical sciences, professor Chattybekova Kamilla

KazNTU after K. Satpaev, Almaty, Kazakhstan

CULTURE OF KAZAKHS IN THE XVIII CENTURY

Folklore in the XVIII century.

The period of the XVIII century takes a special place in the history of spiritual culture of the Kazakh people. At this particular time there was a peculiar oral national creativity, original musical art. Development of spiritual culture of Kazakhs was a part of the general historical process. From XIX century gradual destruction of traditional cultural wealth of the Kazakh society, traditional Kazakh culture began.

In the XVIII century in culture of Kazakhs all traditions inherent in medieval nomadic formations of Eurasia remained. It is brightly shown both in material, and in spiritual culture. Treasures of folklore created talented people - poets, zhyraus, singers - improvisators transferred from generation to generation.

Tole bi Alibekuly - the outstanding public figure of the Senior zhyz, one of authors of the main laws of that time which is called "Zheti Zhargy" (Seven laws). Tole bi was born in 1663 in the natural boundary Zhaysak near Shu (in Zhambyl area). After the death Zholbarys khan (the khan of the Senior zhuz) it ruled Tashkent within 6 years (1743-1749). The history included his saying: «The happy thought has a source, its author is confessor Мауіn». Hence, we understand ge acquired many skills from him and learn many things from him. With writing and implementation of «Seven precepts», the name Tole bi strongly entered into consciousness of the people. For years of great disaster «Aktaban Shubyryndy» raised his authority in connection with its appeal to the people to undertake agriculture, to pass from nomadic style of life to a more peaceful and safer lifestyle, combining cattle cultivation with foundations of city life, to take care of the future generations. Tole bi died in 1756 in Anburzhan-orde (now Shymkent area).

Kazybek bi Keldibekuly (1667-1764) was born on coast of Syrdarya, belonged to the Average zhuz, to a sort of Karakesek , a tribe is called argyn. Because of the family traditions, Kazybek showed eloquence and sharp mind in childhood so early, then he became a glorified bi of all times. In the history of Kazakhstan he takes one of the main roles as he was one of the initiators of education and strengthening of the uniform centralized Kazakh state, helped to hold independence, territorial integrity. Kazybek bi died in December, 1764 at a foot of the mountain of Semizbur at Terekti's source.

To Ayteka bi (original name Aytykh) Beybekula. Data on its biography poor, assume that he was born somewhere near Bukhara, date of birth and death approximately 1666-1722. But its solving participation in meeting on an occasion of association of the 3rd dzhuz is known. In twenty years to Ayteka was already known biy, in thirty years became seniors biy Younger dzhuz. It was among the main authors of "Zheti Zhargy". He is an assistant and the adviser to Tauka of the khan, itself batyr participated together with Tauke hanom in invasion reflection on Sauries. It possesses expression that biya should be at high representative level to leave in souls of contemporaries and descendants a bright trace. Ayteke bi along with Kazybek bi and Tole bi is one of the authors of the Main laws accepted during ruling Tauke khan. He's known as the initiator of association of the 3rd zhuz.

In the XVIII century songs-tolgau - reflections and manuals in the verses which authors were known zhyraus - Kaztugan Suyunshiuly, Dospanbet, Shalkiiz, Bukhar, Umbety, Aktamberdi and others used special popularity. Zhyraus were poets improvisators. Quite often they were visible political figures, advisers of khans, heads of childbirth, military leaders.

Bukhar-zhyrau sang about feats, supported association of tribes under the power of the Kazakh khans. In the XVIII century Bukhar Kalkamanuly (1668-1781) devoted songs to the unity of the state, protection against enemies. Bukhar Kalkamanuly (1693-1787) - created many didactic songs - the reflections of expressing ideas of preservation and hardening of independence, supported Abylay khan, sang about emancipating fight of the Kazakh people against dzhungar aggressors, called the people for unity, to feats, glorifying heroes of this fight: Bogembay, Kabanbay, Zhanybek batyrs. In songs "Desire", «Неу, Abylay», «Death of the high mountain» poetically stated the thoughts on human life and morals. He dreamed of the strong centralized state uniting in 3 zhuzes. Bukhar-zhyrau told about a way Abylay khan's life as the figure, urged to realize the best ideas of the people, approving his politician of manoeuvring between Russia and China. His compositions were the mighty of ideological force, made beneficial impact on public consciousness of Kazakhs of the XVIII century.

Zhyrau is not only the singer improvisator, but also the spokesman of interests of ordinary people - free nomads. Tolgau is sometimes executed as a prophecy, to some extent a zhyrau carries out the company of nomads as a mission of the priest. Tolgau-songs are full of harmonies of the world, philosophical thoughts about meaning of the life.

Aktamberdy-zhyrau Saryula (XVIII century) was born in the Southern Kazakhstan, around Karatau, and already at children's age became known as the poet - the improvisator. He actively participated in all antidzhungar wars, and in the fifties 18 century headed movement of Kazakhs to the east, on the lands won from dzungars.

Umbety Tileuuly (XVIII century) sang of heroic fight with dzungars, aspiration of the people to peace life. Umbetey devoted to Bogenbay-batyr's work as most known.

Creativity of such poets belongs to the end to the XVIII-beginning of the XIX centuries, as Tattikara, Kotesh, Shal. Tattikara was born in the district of Sarykol in the territory of modern Kostanay area, participated in war with the Tsin Empire, glorified feats of Kazakh batyrs, executed heroic eposes. Akyns and improvizators Kotesh (1745-1818) and Shal (Tileuka Kulekeula) (1748-1819) composed songs about human life, moral and ethical problems.

Songs of zhyraus like Tattikara, Umbetey, Shal, Kotesh - remained sketchy. Umbetey's funeral song is devoted to death of batyr by Bogembay, sang of its feats in battles with dzyngars.

Tattikara - the large singer improvisator with the storyteller of the XVIII century. In the verses which have been given rise in campaigns, it urged soldiers not to be declined before any difficulties in fight for freedom.

The singers Shal, Kotesh, Zhankisi-zhyrau living in the beginning of the XIX century, exposed in songs a social inequality, violence of khans over the people.

Aktamberdy-zhyrau (1675-1768) - poet of an epic genre. Akyn called young generation for firmness and courage.

Poet Kotesh (1750-1828) - the main motive of his creativity - display of distressful life of the poor, injustice exposure.

Akyn Shal (1748-1819) - creativity is connected with separate events in the history of the Kazakh people. The main subject of creativity - human life, its sense, questions of morals, ethics, religion.

Widely oral national creativity, diverse on genres and subject developed. It is possible to carry to the genres most extended in the XVIII centuries:

1. Tolgau - preceptive song reflections about life and death, about the
present and the future

2. Ceremonial songs.

3. Proverbs and sayings

4. Fairy tales

5. The heroic and lyrics.

Performers of works of oral national creativity were akyns, sals, to sulfur, but the dominating role in the XVIII century belonged to zhyraus.

Kazakh musical culture. From hoary antiquity the Kazakh national legend was about an unearthly, origin of music, singing up to now reached. There's told that the divine song soaring highly in the sky, flying by over the great steppe of Kazakh nomads, fell very low the people which have heard it, are by nature allocated with big musical gift and abilities. And the people told: «God enclosed in soul of each Kazakh a particle of kui from the moment of his birth». Not casually, probably, foreign people observing life of Kazakhs not without surprise and admiration noted strongly evident ability of the people to creativity, prompt musical and poetic improvisation, a wide involvement into the sphere of playing music of all population - from babies to deep aged men.

Everyone could boast with the set of musical instruments and genres, repertoire and performing forms in the Kazakh traditional society. Children had a good time playing on wind instruments - saz syrnai, tastauke, uskirke "the master or the child of talent which made like the forms of animals, birds, fish, the many-headed horses brightly ornamented and covered with sparkling glaze. Through performance of children's songs and musical games, a parent lullaby and songs lectures of adult men (өсиет өлең) kids learned world around and became full members of the sociocultural community.

Written literature extended in the form of books in the religious, historical character, family trees (shezhire) and chronicles were in writing stored often.

Literary processes. Literary processes went in two directions: folklore and written literature. Folklore developed in a such way as aitys of akyns (competition of eloquent poets), dastans (epic stories) heroic and liro-epic poems, fairy tales, sayings and proverbs, riddles etc. The end XIII - the middle of the XIX centuries is the period of origin and the beginning of development of individual poetic creativity.

Songs of others zhyraus like - Tattikara, Umbetey, Shal, Kotesh -remained sketchy. Umbetey's devoted to death batyr by Bogembay batyr's funeral song in which the poet sings of his feats in battles with dzungars is known as zhoktau. He creates a bright, impressing image of Bogembay. Bogembay is an ideal image of the defender of the people in Umbetey's zhoktau.

Tattikara was a poet - improvisator and the storyteller of the XVIII century. The poet participated in quality of the ordinary soldier in many battles. In the verses which have been given rise in campaigns, he urged soldiers not to be declined before any difficulties in fight for freedom.

Shal, Kotesh, Zhankisi zhyraus, XIX century living in the beginning, exposed in the songs a social inequality, violence of khans over the people. Zhankisi pointed the cruelty and violence Kokan beks with anger and bitterness.

Songs of akyn - improvisators were and understandable clearly to a lot of people.

Aktamberdy - zhyrau (1675-1768) was a poet of an epic genre. In the songs he admired heroism, valor of batyrs.

He called young generation for firmness and courage, to military courage, valour.

Bukhar, Zhankisi, Tatikara, Aktamberdy and other singers - improvisators and storytellers, whose songs and legends reached us, were initiators of individual poetic creators in the Kazakh literature. Their songs in many respects differed from the epos and ceremonial household poetry of a previous era. The past works were stronger, than earlier ones, because civil motives and people's life were shown, despite contradictions, characteristic for creativity of many zhuraus XVIII-the beginning of the XIX centuries more completely revealed, they rank high in the history of the Kazakh literature.

Thus, oral and written literature has further development and enrichment in the XV beginning of XX centuries It was connected with culture of the previous time, formed a base, a basis for further development of the Kazakh national literature.

Only at the end of the XVIII century this tradition gradually weakened, the certificate of that is the new galaxy of akyns - Kotesh, Shal and others. During an era of an empery of folklore, to written it is possible to carry only religious literature connected with distribution in Kazakhstan.

Science and scientific studying of Kazakhstan.

With acceptance by Kazakhs of the Russian citizenship scientific studying of edge was included strongly into a sphere of the central government structures and various groups of researchers. In Kazakhstan it developed, though separate, a network of scientific institutions. One of them functioned at the expense of the state allocations, others appeared thanks to diligence of enthusiasts.

Rapprochement and interpenetration of cultures of Russia and the Kazakh people enriched finally a universal civilization with new opening, ideas and names. Communication with the advanced representatives of the Russian science promoted S.Valikhanov's formation as scientific world level. Many Russian investigators created the fundamental works on a basis of materials of the Kazakh folklore, music, an oral historiography, ethnography.

The first attempts of complex studying of Kazakhstan, predpriknyaty Russia in the XVIII century, are connected with M.V.Lomonosova's name. He was the initiator of the organization of forwarding researches of a territokriya of edge and creation of its maps, promoted a provekdeniye of scientific searches in history, linguistics, economy and ethnography of Kazakhs.

In 1769 one of the first expeditions headed P. S. Pallas. The route passed through Siberia, Orenburg, Iletsk, Orsk, Eggs cues the small town, Gurjev, Orenburg, Ufa. P. S. Pallas's work «Travel on different provinces of the Russian Еmріrе» in three parts (became result of expedition. 1773). In 1769 — 1772. I.Rychkov carried out as a part of armies work on collecting data in the territory Kara Turgay, Turgay, Tirsakkan, Ishim, fortresses Ust-Uysky, Krutoyarsk, Troitsk. Late there was its work «Day notes of travel of captain N. Rychkov to Kirghiz-kaysat steppes in 1771» (1772).

Similar work was carried out and the next years. It allowed to collect data on the most wide range of the problems connected with acceptance by Kazakhs of Russian citizenship, trade, development of productive forces of edge, cattle breeding and agriculture, social structure of the Kazakh society and its political system.

The most educated representatives of the people voluntary took on themselves great mission of teachers, the knowledge promoted edge cultural development. Open spaces for preservation and a creation of former customs, traditions, customs were considerably limited, new time appeared new with socio-cultural assets and reference points.

Kazakhstan is the country with the rich historical and cultural past.

Located in the centre of Eurasia, Kazakhstan appeared at an intersection of the most ancient civilizations of the world, on crossing of transport arteries, social and economic, cultural and ideological relations between the East and the West, the South and the North, between Europe and Asia, between the largest state formations of the Euroasian continent. At various stages of history in the territory of Kazakhstan arose and the states with the original cultural history modern Kazakhstan became which successor developed.

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