Smaznoy V. V., Khadzhynov D. V.

Donetsk national university of economic and trade named after Mikhailo Tugan-Baranovsky

THE ORIGIN, HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET

  When the Soviet Union launched the first space and satellites and humans, during the so-called "cold war" of the U.S. worried about their safety, and then developed a system of communication between computers, which did not have a single governing body. Advanced Research Projects Agency in the Defense (DARPA), which was under the Ministry of Defense has developed a network of ARPANET. One of the first developers of the system in 1964 was a scientist Paul Baran, a point was that the computers were integrated single network, where the data packets transmitted to the ultimate goal independently.

Initially, in 1969, joined the network four computers, then began to think about a common protocol for data transmission and the first of them was the Network Control Protocol NCP, and in 1971-1972, it implemented in the ARPANET. Already in 1972, there was a kind of e-mail. Initially the ARPANET would be used for defense purposes, to be able to communicate and use computers and the Institute of the Ministry of Defense for joint research. The ARPANET grew rapidly and began to work routers, enabling networked more computers. In 1977, the network has already been hosting more than a hundred, as more and more universities connects to the ARPA Internet, in the end she gave a system of multiple networks, which, in the final analysis, was used for data transfer protocol TCP / IP. Then came the division on ARPANET and DDN (Defense Data Network, it was only open part - MILNET).

ARPANET ceased to operate in 1990, by that time, the network has already made a significant contribution to the development of the Internet, which was already funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) - the network is to use a single protocol TCP / IP, but the idea was to bring together regional university centers throughout country. All universities offer access five supercomputers, which were based on the NSF network speed to 56 kb / s. The term Internet is used, the more since 1983, as a designation of networks. By that time, had formed the main provisions on the Internet, namely, the fact that all the networks connected to the Internet must remain individual or remodel. Gateways and routers do not have to store the information about the data that are in the network, but they have to link these networks, with all this single, global management system should not be.

But the government did not want to deal with this system, a network of universities and architecture has been changed radically, that is given the opportunity to interact with each other to anyone through commercial private network via access points in the network of NAP. Already in 1994, was built four such points NAP, in fact, the beginning of 1995 is NSF backbone was closed, while the NAP architecture and has become the Internet. The basis of the Internet is an open protocol that is a unified standard for the switching conditions and the system control data transfer or internet protocol was TCP / IP and he can not be used in all computer systems.

As a result, the Internet began to grow from the mid-1990s with incredible speed, at first interaction was between universities, government agencies, the military, but later joined a variety of organizations and individuals. All networks on the Internet are connected by routers, bridges and switches. Routers send data - send all packets to the right place, as if marshrutiziruya data in the right direction, so that these data packets gathered together again in the desired computer. Bridges connect any network segments and switches make and break the circuit.

The World Wide Web was originally focused on the text, but in the early 1990s, she used only the scientists, researchers and interested enthusiasts, however, with the advent of operating systems windows, which was available to ordinary users and the growth of computerization of public Internet are also gaining popularity. The first Internet browser capable of displaying not only text but graphics by a group of students from the state of Illinois in the spring of 1993 and it was called Mosaic (Mosaic). Of course, the visual display capabilities interested many ordinary people and the more perfect and inexpensive computers become, the more homeowners find themselves in the "World Wide Web".

In Russia, the Internet has also started to develop in the universities in the early 1990s. Federal Public Research Network RUNNet began work in 1995 via satellite, but gradually the inhabitants of large cities, due to joint-stock companies have also begun to connect to Runet, so early as 1996 there was Rambler, and a year later, Yandex, which now the leading search engines LESBIAN. It is noteworthy that in the same 1996 appeared and ICQ, and in 1998 was made the first translation of the money on the internet, but then came the term "e-commerce". In 2000, the number of sites around the world were already more than 20 million in 2001, 10% of the world's population to users of the Internet. More and more people without any specific knowledge began to use the Internet as well as access to a more simplified, and easy to use improved and in 2003, the network was already more than 100 million sites.

Thus, the Internet is a telecommunication network that has become global and is the basis for the World Wide Web, and in 2008, Internet users were more than 1.4 billion people, or about a quarter of the world population. Internet is not free, but it is entirely possible to exchange information attracts everyone, because many pay money for access to the Internet, through intermediaries, service providers. Internet has no owner and the general can not be shut down because there is no single point of control, because it is now relatively free network, in which many of them have their own interests, but they are, in any case, based on the exchange of all kinds of information flows in the form of text audio, video, etc.

Internet contributes to the development of various subcultures and communication of people from around the world, it has long had a social dimension and nature of development and it is directly connected with the popular communication protocols on the Internet, such as Skype. Also popular file-sharing protocols such as BitTorrent, but with this many problems of plagiarism, since the information on the Internet is transferred instantly and relatively unchecked. Actually XXI century - a new information era and new possibilities for communication, thanks largely to the Internet.