Turmetova A.I.

Candidate of Philology Rysbaeva G.K.C. (tutor)

Kazakh Women Pedagogical University, Kazakhstan

Proverbs – tool for transmission of culture, social morality and manners

Each culture has proverbs that are unique to it. The saying, "if you want to know a people, know their proverbs" illustrates this. Proverbs, in colorful and vivid language, reflect important typical cultural values of every culture. Simple and popular, concise and pithy, they are passed on from generation to generation in the readable oral form and have gradually become a component indispensable to the dominant culture of that nation. They are brief and well-polished expressions embedded in philosophical ideas concerning different aspects of life. They are the summary of people experience in everyday life, so they originated from people's daily life and experience. To be specific, they come from folk life, religion, mythology, literary works, other languages, famous writers' wisdom, a nation's history and so on. Its function is to teach and advise people what they see in their lives.

National specific character of proverbs is most clearly revealed in the comparison of different languages. We conduct the research because there are a lot of proverbs in Kazakh and English languages that contain values of life. It is known that the Kazakh and British people who live in different social and natural conditions have a different history, religion, morals, principles, morality, psychology, etc. Many English and Kazakh proverbs guide people to adopt a correct attitude towards life and to take a proper way to get along well with others. Some other proverbs tell people what to do and how to do it, so the proverbs guide people's daily life. From them, people may broaden their knowledge and outlook. 
Proverbs may provide interesting little glimpses or clues to a people's geography, history, social organization, social views, and attitudes. Also proverbs, besides being an important part of culture, are an important tool for effective communication and for the comprehension of different spoken and written discourses. The person who does not acquire competence in using proverbs will be limited in conversation, will have difficulty comprehending a wide variety of printed matter, radio, television, songs etc., and will not understand proverb parodies which presuppose a familiarity with a stock proverb.

The proverb has had a long and honorable history in the classroom. As early as the tenth century proverbs were used in England as a brighter method of teaching Latin. Many generations of children through the nineteenth century and beyond were expected to improve their minds as well as their writing by having to copy proverbs out in their copy books. Also the commonest proverbs still form part of the background of every Kazakh speaking child, and this is recognized in the early stages of modern Education, where many uses are made of them. Work with proverbs and sayings at the lessons not only helps to diversify educational process and to make its brighter and interesting. Moreover it helps to solve a number of very important educational problems: proverbs in the classroom can improve students＊ learning experiences, their language skills, and their understanding of themselves and the world.

Also proverbs, besides being an important part of culture, are an important tool for effective communication and for the comprehension of different spoken and written discourses. The person who does not acquire competence in using proverbs will be limited in conversation, will have difficulty comprehending a wide variety of printed matter, radio, television, songs etc., and will not understand proverb parodies which presuppose a familiarity with a stock proverb. In cultures where old age is revered, there will be proverbs about the wisdom of the elders. Proverbs tell much about a people's traditional ways of experiencing reality, about the proper or expected ways of doing things, about values and warnings, and rules and wisdoms the elders want to impress on the minds of their young. The important character of proverbs' the shorter the better 'makes it easy to commit them to memory for ready recall when the occasion calls for serious or humorous comment or warning. Some proverbs are intended to persuade and teach people. To persuade is to praise justice, to fight against the bully. To teach is to guide people to adopt a correct attitude towards life, to take a proper way to get along well with others. For example, 圾快tt快r di快 st忘nding th忘n liv快 kn快快ling. 妥i戒快把抖快扭 ө技i把 扼ү把忍快扶扮快, 妥i抗 找ұ把抑扭 ө抖忍快扶 忘把找抑қ. Қ抉把抖抑қ ө技i把忱快扶, 圻把抖i抗 ө抖i技 忘把找抑қ.

Prosperity makes friends, adversity tries them -夾抉抖忱忘扼 қ忘忱і把і扶 忪抉把抑қ找忘 忌і抖快把扼ің, 忱抉扼 қ忘忱і把і扶 扼抉ғ抑扼找忘 忌і抖快把扼ің.

Hope for the best, expect the worst-Ү技і找扼і戒 找快抗 扮忘抄找忘扶

Look before you leap-妞ө把扭快ң快 қ忘把忘抄 抗ө扼і抖 . Such proverbs sound very firm and resolute and they can strengthen people conviction and awaken people consciousness of life or better their thinking methods. They are very helpful for people to make distinction between right and wrong, to be clear about what to love and what to hate. Because they are good for people's self-cultivation and they can call for deep thought, many people take these proverbs as their life motto. Some other proverbs reveal and criticize the dark side of the ages or society. They attack the dirty practices of the society so as to remind people to keep conscious and maintain sharp warning. For example, In th快 快v快ning 抉n快 m忘批 把r忘is快 th快 d忘批. 夾快找і 把快找 ө抖扮快扭, 忌і把 把快找 抗快扼.

妞ү扶忱i 忌忘找忘把 忘抖忱抑扶忱忘, Ө技i把iң忱i ө抖快把 忘抖忱抑扶忱忘 忌忘ғ忘抖忘.

It is n快v快r t抉抉 l忘t快 t抉 l快忘rn. 妒忍i抖i抗找iң 快把找快 抗快扮i 忪抉қ.

妥ү扼找i抗 ө技i把iң 忌抉抖扼忘, 妞快扮找i抗 忌i抖i技 忪我.

Li快s h忘v快 sh抉rt l快gs.

Ө找i把i抗找iң құ抄把抑ғ抑 忌i把-忘қ 找ұ找忘技.

Y抉u n快v快r kn抉w wh忘t 批抉u 扼忘n d抉 if 批抉u tr批. 妞ө戒 қ抉把қ忘қ, Қ抉抖 忌忘找抑把.

妥抉抉 m忘n批 扼抉抉ks s把抉il th快 br抉th. 妙忘n批 扼抉mm忘nd快rs sink th快 shi把.Қ抉抄扮抑 抗ө扭 忌抉抖扼忘, Қ抉抄 忘把忘技 ө抖快忱i.妥ү抄快 抗ө扭 忌抉抖扼忘, 忪ү抗 扼抑抄技忘扼
Proverbs have a function to spread experiences and knowledge. Many Kazakh and English proverbs summarize knowledge of people's daily life such as The best wine comes out of an old vessel; Soft fire makes sweet malt. As people's daily life is complicated and extremely trifling, such proverbs are numerous. They summarize people's knowledge in their life and they tell people what to do and how to do it. They are just like an encyclopedia to guide people's daily life. From them, people may broaden their knowledge and outlook so as to avoid making mistakes.

Created by people in high and low status, humble folk and great authors, borrowed from ancient or neighboring cultures, proverbs have been accumulating over many centuries. Some are only locally known; many are shared around the world. To have better knowledge of Kazakh and British culture, we should be familiar with the sources and functions of their proverbs. Proverbs has been and remains a most powerful and effective instrument for the transmission of culture, social morality, manners and ideas of a people from one generation to another. Proverbs were always the most vivacious and at the same time the most stable part of the national languages, suitable competing with the sayings and aphorisms of outstanding thinkers. In proverbs picturesqueness of national thinking was more vivid expressed as well as their features of national character.

References:

1.Wolfgang Mieder. Proverbs are Never out of Season. Popular Wisdom in the 2.Modern Age. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993

Wang-chun, YANG Ying, Huang full moon.English Proverbs and culture [ M] .Shanghai :Shanghai foreign language Education Press, 2003. P57 

3.妥h快 妊忘mbridg快 圻n扼批扼l抉把快di忘 抉f th快 圻nglish L忘ngu忘g快. 圻diti抉n b批 D忘vid 妊І批st忘l. 妓. 184.

4.On the Singing Phonetics of the Kazakh Language, Tolkyn Zabirova.

5.Aққ抉戒我扶 妙. Ө Қ忘戒忘қ 技忘қ忘抖-技ә找快抖忱快把і. –均抖技忘找抑, 1990 忪. 288 忌快找.

7.坎忘抄技忘抒忘扶抉志忘 妥., Ө找快扮快志忘 妖., 坎忘抄找ө抖快快志忘 妖. 均扶忍抖我抄扼抗我快 扭抉扼抖抉志我扯抑 我 扭抉忍抉志抉把抗我 我 我抒 改抗志我志忘抖快扶找抑 志 把批扼扼抗抉技 我 抗忘戒忘抒扼抗抉技 攸戒抑抗忘抒. 均抖技忘找抑: 妙快抗找快扭, 1988.

8.坎快忍忘抖抑қ抑戒抑 坏. Қ忘戒忘қ 找i抖i扶忱快忍i 技忘қ忘抖-技ә找快抖忱快把忱iң 找忘扶抑技忱抑қ-
扭把忘忍技忘找我抗忘抖抑қ 忘扼扭快抗找i抖快把i. 均妞坏. 均扼找忘扶忘, 2003.