*99555*

Geopolitical conception in public speeches of Kazakh orators

Rayev D.S.,

Abzhaparova L.Zh.

Resume

This article demonstrated human being as very important phenomenon in ecosystem structure, what was stated by Kazakh orators in their creative works with traditional geopolitics views on Humanity.

World-views of legal orators in ancient Kazakhstan may be classified into three main directions. The first one is regarded as Geopolitical Knowledge in broad sense, that is, Mother-Earth and human being’s existence, interdependent ties of his social and ontological environment. The second one is explanation of geopolitics as native land influence, capacity of Kazakh people to keep and defend it from invasions, that is, state security. The third is geopolitical tendency rooted in nomadism and four type animal husbandry, in constant pursuit of grasslands. In this article we will discuss only the second direction.

We discuss the matter of the Land dependence on human being (society and state). We believe that the dependence of Land on Humanity is a specific feature of geopolitical view, which was performed in oratory art of Kazakhs and was phenomenon in its way.

Hence, the next question is why a human being appears in this world? Kazakh public speaker and lawyer Balpyk bi said, “Almighty gives a life, a servant of God picks up his destiny”. This means that God created human being as a master of vital activity. In this case human being was regarded as such a phenomenon which was like a twin of the Earth and moreover as its owner. It may be proved by sayings of public speaker and lawyer Myktybek bi, who said, “Man possesses Land, Khan is owner of a common people” and “Land always belongs to somebody”. These statements lead to two conclusions about land and man’s interdependence: if we take a saying “Servant of God picks up his destiny”, which means that human being takes everything for his existence from the Earth; therefore man became an owner of land. Hence, the first conclusion - the Earth and Humanity are the structural elements of the Global System. As L.N. Gumilev said, “Human organism is a part of the Earth Biosphere, and it participates in biocoenosis conversion” /1, 23p/ - it is rather reliable statement. Marx sentence – “Human History is a real part of Natural History” /2, 124p/, - proves abovementioned Gumilev’s statement.

When Marx included Human History into Natural History Structure, the German geopolitics scientist F. Ratzel said, “History and Geography are not simple Scientific Histories, but important parts of Global History. It means that Geo system History was included as a part into Human History. So, this idea may serve as basis for viewing Humanity as a part of the Earth Biosphere. The saying of Kazakh public speakers and lawyers correspond to these conclusions. Jankutty said, - “Land looks like orphan without people”. Baban bi said in his verses, “The land is nothing without merry people growing in number together with their cattle”.

Although wise men of Kazakh people could not explain the meaning of integrity of mankind and the Earth from the point of view of classical philosophy, but they could express this through their short sayings with such implied sense. It is possible that this is a geological knowledge that includes both geo- and biospheres which exist as one entity. This may be proved by the words of Karamendy Bi: “When the people move away, the place is barren’. Basing on scientific knowledge and the vocabulary of Kazakh poets the unity of people and the land embraces the spirit of the universe, which is the global biochemical energy. In such case, the world of Humanity like the world of Nature is a possessor of a specific energy flow and a part of the global energy. It may be concluded that Humanity influences the geo system through this energy flow. We can say that interaction of Human being and the Earth is the internal law of development taking place on the Earth’s surface. In fact, both serve as the source of each other, the supply of energy and the conductor of energy. According to the Eskeldy bi, “If the people do not move into a certain place, this land is barren. Without the possession of the land, the people are poor”. His words prove the unity of the people and their land. This saying corresponds to the modern scientific theory of biocoenosis, according to which the human is on the top of the energy chain. Also, in our times, it can be said that the mankind plays an important role in the control of the energy flows in the biosphere.

According to Balpyk bi, “If the people do not move into the place, the feather grass hills of this land are lonely”. Therefore, the land without the people has no meaning. This corresponds to the 25^th verse of the Sad Surah of the Koran, “Behold, Daud, you are entrusted with the mastership of the Earth” /4/. This notion corresponds to the view of Vernadsky that the human society is a layer of the living matter covering the planet Earth connected with environment by atomic biogenic energy flows. Kazakh orators viewed unity of Mankind and the Earth as a phenomenon entered into bio system turnover, where they are so matching each other, reaching the level of understanding intrinsic meanings of each other and becoming continuous process, which is sign of geopolitical knowledge. The natural phenomena and Human vital activity are so harmonically interdependent, so that it would not be excessive to say that they are in the process of unity and antagonism of the opposites.

According to the 26^th verse of the Sad Surah of the Koran, “Lord created living beings for some purpose to dwell between Heaven and the Earth”, 35^th verse of the Bakara Surah, “We allow you settle on the Earth and use it till the specified time”, 52^th verse of the Taha Surah, “Allmighty turned the Earth in your cradle with roads to go, and poured the rains from the Heaven”, and 29^th verse of the Bakara Surah, “Allmighty created everything on the Earth for you. Then he turned the Heaven into seven layers” /6/, - all phenomena on the Earth surface is proved to serve people needs. In this case, all living matter and nonliving matter are in interdependent energy exchange and are phenomena, that compose geologic space and time. As Vernadsky said, ecological cycle of living matter and nonliving matter arrange the forms of life on the Earth surface and lead to the balance of development in bio geo system. So, these concepts were relevant to Kazakh orators. Based on these concepts, Kazakh orators connected changes in natural environment (good and bad ones) with human being’s intentions (good and bad ones). There appears a concept of human being as a part of nature. To prove this phenomenon let us look through some scientific conclusions. According to the latest scientific discoveries, Kazakh people lived in harmony with nature, and now we are facing reconsideration of the general knowledge of nature and its secrets.

If we consider some facts from history of research of people’s medicine, there were healers who put spells using spider and snake potions by emitting psychological energy. If human emotions are transferred to a plant, then this plant reacts to human skin-galvanic reactions. At the same time, it was discovered that the electric processes, which take place in plants, have a lot in common with the same processes in animals. The batyrs, Koblandy, Bogenbay, Karasay, who lived a long time ago, had battle horses who understood their thoughts according to the same principle.

Based on some facts, it is possible to argue that plants can react to psychological processes from humans under hypnosis. At the same time, these plants react to controversial process in human conscience. The question is the following: how can plants lacking the nerve cells react to human thoughts, originated in nerve system of a man, who is on the top of the ecological ladder? This means that there is a bridge, or a mediator, between human nerve cells and plant cells. The reaction of plants to emotional influence means that human nerve cells and plant cells “speak the same language”. Thus, being a clairvoyant is not uncommon. Apparently, this is a widespread phenomenon in the nature. If we take into consideration that plants appeared long before animals, then the living matters’ information system of mind and behavior should base on information system of plant cell.

But scientists started to search the key to psychic activity deeper than in cell and molecule level. Some scientists study molecule structure. All the abovementioned and Vernadsky theory prove that the Earth’s biosphere as the cradle of Kazakhs exists as a whole notwithstanding its diversity. Taking into consideration, that cells of living matter and cells of plants constantly exchange information, connection between human behavior and geo system condition mentioned in sayings of Kazakh orators appears to be a source of geopolitics knowledge.

Abandoned land has no purpose. For this we have another proof. If the nature is an attribute for human life, then the nature is not able to recognize itself. It may be recognized only by human being. If mind is needed for recognition, then recognition is attributive of a man only. Thus, Kazakh orators compared uninhabited land to an orphan or a disabled person. For example, the orator Boltirik said that “if a previously inhabited plateau is left abandoned, this is considered to be a bad place”. “Wide pastures, cool water springs are worthless without people”. “The nature can exist without people, but, if it is true that a man can exists without the nature, why he worships a dark soil under a white snow and stars-lit sky above him, why is it?”, - this question of Oralkhan Bokeikhan appeared from the interdependence of the nature and a man. With reference to this, Ratzel considered the history of geography as a science giving opportunity to people to study their land and their habitat /7/. Ratzel continues his thinking saying that “If it is needed to find proves for connections between geographic notions and human relations, then they can be found in the anthropo-geographic bases of the Earth division in different parts …. There is historical background in the division of the Earth into parts: Europe, Asia, and Africa”.

If we consider land and sky practical study in Kazakh steppe, we will come across the same arguments. For example, Korkyt said, “Khan is my lord, grass land is loved by the cattle, wilderness is loved by the deer”. Aiteke bi said, “Lofty mountains, you have only one shortcoming – the absence of a pass, rapid streams, you have only one shortcoming – the absence of a ford”. These words prove that a man do not want to obey forces of the nature. On the contrary, it seems to propose a study of geosystem. It happened because Kazakhs earned their living from the land and the cattle and observed the weather conditions in the sky. Kazakhs were well aware of the time of snowfall, snowstorm, rain, tempest, position of stars, beginning of a new month, the time of coming light and dark days. Saying the truth, historical records prove that long ahead of Europeans in 10^th century, Kazakhs knew well the sky and the land.

Kazakhs had the knowledge of alternation of day and night, and they used the calendar. In this case, Kazybek bi wrote, “I wanted to build an observatory on a hill, which was the tomb of Malaisary, on the right bank of Ile River. I divided the year into four parts: 90 summer days, 90 autumn days, 90 winter days, and 90 spring days … I discovered the Pleiades to be the most important between stars to count the calendar. When the Pleiades rise in the sky, days are cold. There are 10 or 11 days between Grey Nauryz and New Nauryz. I wrote it down for all Kazakhs and taught them how to use the calendar. Also, I rightly guessed the time of eclipse of several stars with the moon /7/. This shows the study of geosystem in the Kazakh steppe.

Human influence on the geosystem is not only restricted by its study. Special role belongs to a man in changing the landscape. This is discussed in the speeches of Kazakh orators. In general, they knew “the human capacity of changing landscapes”. If exchange of substances and energy are common phenomenon for all human and other living beings, then man influences this performance not only by his limited labor and as biological being but by his social nature. Therefore Humanity have capacity to change landscape adjusting it to their needs. L.N. Gumilev said, “.. The Earth is a habitat for mankind”. /1, 21p, 187p/. V.I. Vernadsky called influence of mankind on the Earth as “geologic revolution of small circle” /5, 273p/. Scientists consider that the Earth’s surface changes during the last three thousand years and landscape constructing process stems from the key anthropogenic factor.

Objective reality is that agriculture changed flora and fauna of ecosystem, visual art was the main element of landscape changes, and use of coal and oil by people changed atmospheric conditions. The creation of man-made industrial objects, cities, deforestation, architectural designs – all this is discussed in works of Kazakh orators. For example, once, Kabylisa, Eskeldy, and Balpyk bi were travelling and reached a place called Ainabulak in Zhetysu region. Kabylisa exclaimed, “How noisy is this place, why is it?” Then Eskeldy bi answered, “How to lay a road and live here”. When they reached Dungen area, Kabylisa looked at Balpyk bi and said, “Who is screaming out there, what is that?” Then Balpyk bi answered, “The city was built here as well, and people arrived in great number, new habits appeared to wake up people by shouting”. With these short passages we discover that Human being is not only the highest unit in biogeoceonosis but he also turned to a great factor of changing the ecosystem. According to the statements of Kazakh bis and conclusions of modern scientists, Humanity in their historic development changed the hydrosphere so much that the whole layer of the Earth’s landscape may be called as the anthropogenic phenomenon.

However, history noticed that different nations influenced geosystem differently. For example, the influence on geosystem of Nomadic people in Eurasia is determined by peculiarities of their ancestor’s occupation. They adapted their cattle breeding to the landscape and paid much of attention to plants, forests, water sources, grasslands and cattle. Karkara bi-girl said, “ If you want to satisfy my wish, give me a land, the rest we will build ourselves”. This proves the Kazakhs way of living. Cattle was a basic capital of nomads, therefore they paid special attention to growth of cattle number, extension of pastures, and looked after cattle with great care. Kazakh people adapted to environment like other nations, and they tried to change the nature according to their occupation. If compared with arable farming nations, there are some peculiarities in the influence of nomads on environment. It is well known that nomads had disposition to improve landscape./9/

Despite of the way of geosystem developing , people leave some traces on landscape. Therefore, the issue of environment protection from anthropogenic distraction is very topical for modern scientists. Of course, this issue appeared long ago together with the development of mankind culture. So, it is homo sapience, who destroys ecosystem’s harmonic interrelations. Human being exploits soil in both sides, upper and lower, and rule the soil by his mind capacities. When people are working hard and looking forward to reach good, they acts without noticing that their every step destroys environment, and people do not progress, but regress. Now we are standing before unknown bridge. Today influence of mankind on environment is so huge, that this problem demands many specialists’ researches.

However, when considering this phenomenon from the point of view of our research work, the question is not in good or bad influence of mankind on environment. Our objective was to demonstrate human being as very important phenomenon in ecosystem structure, what was stated by Kazakh orators. We observed traditional geopolitics views of orators on human being. According to orators’ creative works, we believe that human being is a structural part of global nature, and he is not a passive unit but very active and creative being. We envisage the idea of Humanity to bring together all the living being in geosystem of the Earth.

References:

1. Гумилев Л.Н. Этногенез и биосфера земли. М., 1989, (23).

2. Карл М. и Фридрих Э.. Соч. т.42, М.: Политиздат, 1974. –535с. (124).

3. Ратцел Ф. Земля и жизнь. М., 1889, (3).

4. Құран Кәрім. (454).

5. Вернадский В.И. Химическое строение биосферы Земли и ее окружения. М., 1965, (283).

6. Құран Кәрім. (5, 6, 315, 455).

7. Ратцел Ф. Земля и жизнь. (3).

8. Қазыбек бек Тауарсарұлы. Түп-тұқияннан өзіме шейін. (163).

9. Гумилев Л.Н., Хунны. М., 1960, (147).