История /4. Этнография

Shaizhanova G.K.

Karaganda State University named after E.A. Buketov, Kazakhstan

Kazakh-zhungar contact interaction

The relationship between the peoples have a special place in the history of different states, they affect the development of politics, economy and culture of all peoples. Over the centuries, relations between kazakhs and zhungars, kalmyk were notable for their versatility, ranging from military attacks and ending with peace and good neighborly relations.

Studying the history of the interaction of these peoples, researchers tried to understand the basics of these relationships, as well as why the time these bonds have gained a different character, and among these nations arose deadly feud, and it was a peaceful understanding between them.

Researchers relationship kazakhs and zhungars, kalmyk, paying attention only to the connection between these peoples, except for occasional and casual interaction affects language. Our task - to find out to what extent this problem is reflected in the historiography, and to identify as many facts of language and cultural interaction.

The kazakhs and kalmyk, zhungars were economic, trade and cultural contacts. And the existence of these peaceful relations left an imprint on the language, culture and customs of these peoples.

In the works of kazakh akins and zhyrau link the three nations widely reported. But peace and cultural understanding of nomadic peoples in the works rarely mention anything.

In an environment of kazakh akins and zhyrau alone is worth Bukhar girau. In times of Abylai khan, he was the chief ideologue of the kazakh people. In his works he gives this information:

We are - peaceful people,

Showed kindness to those

Who respects us,

Kazakhs and kalmyk were

Cousinly close

Were equal to each other,

Peaceful neighbors [1, 46].

Among zhungar aristocracy met heroic figures of kazakh origin. B.P. Gurevich leads testimony about one of them: «... begins to fight against the Manchu-Chinese invaders Oirat owner Kazak Sarah, its origin is associated with the kazakh nobility» [2, 113]. This is confirmed by the message M. Magauin: «In the national liberation struggle against the Manchu yoke Amursana much different and kazakh soldiers, the son of captured alash’s sarbaz Hazyk-shary («Kazak-sary», «light kazakh»), who was born and grew up among kalmaks, became a national hero of the oirat people» [3, 44].

Deep centuries-old ethnic relationships affected their anthropological character. German historian and ethnographer P. Karutts, who visited Western Kazakhstan in 1904, drew attention to the similarity of features of the kazakh and kalmyk people: «I have seen flat face and slanting eyes almost as a pronounced type, as in Kalmykia» [4, 89].

In kazakh and kalmyk a lot of borrowing, as evidenced by centuries of contact. For example: the kazakh word «aga»- the elder brother in the kalmyk language means the same thing, only to pronounce «aha», comparable to other words: kuda - hood; bylgary - bulgars; mal (мал) – mal (мал) (animal), tаl (тал) – tal (tree); kok - kuk (blue) and etc. [5, 91].

The process of borrowing in language contact is uneven, due to linguistic and social factors. Common vocabulary includes words from the socio-political life, place names, onomastics, etc.

Since the end of the sixteenth century until the second half of the eighteenth century many regions of Kazakhstan were busy zhungars, kalmyk. In some areas they lived longer, while other smaller, generally their habitat has continued from one hundred to one hundred and seventy years old, and maybe more. From that time on the territory of the region were different types of buildings and numerous place names mongolian (oirat) origin. For example, the Altai, Kegen, Kurgaldzhino, meetings, Syumba, Tarbagatai etc. [6].

Interaction and common ethnic ties and confirm similar ethnic elements, both among the kazakhs, and among zhungars, kalmyk. Among the kazakh kind karakesek meet kalmyk childbirth called «toti», «kiz кalmak», «bala kalmak» and so on. All of them originate from inhabiting Karakaraly-Kazylykty in the years 1630-1730 torgouts, hoshoutov, derbets [5, 79].

Between the two nations are many similarities in culture, traditions and customs. In some cases they are even identical. This applies to the national games, wedding ceremonies and various primary beliefs.

Including kazakh and kalmyk researchers to explore the mutual influence of the ancient laws of both nations. Note that the interference in the legislative work of the two peoples is very high. There is no doubt that the mutual rights of both peoples requires an independent study.

All this testifies to a close, the vast and centuries-old contacts of the three societies. These centuries-old ties left no trace in the culture and traditions of both peoples.

The relationship between these peoples mutually enrich their culture, customs, folklore. Among the representatives of the kazakh nation a lot of people whose great-grandmother were oirat and kalmyk. Do not think that this fact had a negative impact on their gene pool. Until now, in Kazakhstan live kalmyks, making a significant contribution to the development of our culture. In Kalmykia, is also home to the kazakh diaspora. Identifying positive aspects in the relationship of the kazakhs and zhungars in the past, we want to recall that in the modern world, establishing a neighboring friendly relationship and the relationship, people only win politically, economically.

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