UDC 662.02: [531.72 + 544.33
Doctor of technical sciences, professor Buktukov N.S.,
Doctor of technical sciences Metaksa G.P.,
Candidate of technical sciences, associate professor
Moldabaeva G.J.,
The Republic of
Kazakhstan, Almaty, Mining Institute after D.A. Kunaev
THE IMPACT OF CONTACT POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
OF DISSIMILAR METALS ON WATER ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY
At
constant volume and chemical composition the electrical resistance is
associated with spasmodic changes at certain size relations between the
measuring electrodes. Besides, the electrical resistance to much extent depends
on the material of the changed electrode and therefore on the position of
critical points.
Â. Shauberger’s work
[1] show that physical properties of water, including electroconductivity, vary
to much extent depending on the condition and chemical composition of the interface. For
fluid-containing systems in blocks of lithosphere, special zones (wave guides)
have been revealed which can be different by physical properties from their
environment by more than two times [2]. The undertaken attempts to model the
variability of electrical properties in the cross fields of various nature
proved that there is spasmodic change of properties at certain frequencies of impact
[3]. To evaluate the impact of static potential on the water
electroconductivity, the laboratory experiment has been done, which helped to
assess the impact of contact potential difference of dissimilar metals on
electroconductivity; the interaction potential of metals does not depend on the
size of contacting electrodes [4].
To
measure the water electroconductivity,
semicylindrical cavity d = 50 ·1000 mm with the height of liquid column < 1 cm has been used. As the measuring
electrodes, dissimilar chemically pure metals have been used. At that the
material of one of the measuring electrodes remained constant (antimony), and
for another one dissimilar metals have been used, the position of which has
been changed in the cavity, establishing them at certain mark in the cavity.
Picture 1 shows the functional chart of measurements of contact potential
difference.
There
were water samples of two types: of natural origin (spring of the gorge
Alma-Arasan) and the distillate (recently distillated <5 days); in the
course of the experiments the contacts made of dissimilar metals have been
moved along the cavity equipped with the measuring line. All measurements have
been done in natural conditions at the room temperature (20 - 22 ºÑ) and normal pressure.
To
measure low resistances, the devices Ù43102, Ù4313 have been used with the measuring voltage 1,5 V. High and very high resistances have
been measured with the use of megohmmeter F 41210-IM, at the measuring voltages
100, 500, 1000 V. The results of the
measurements have been taken in the units of kiloohm and milliohm.
The
inaccuracy of measurements is determined with the accuracy class of the used
devices and is in the limits of 0,1-5 %. The experimental results are the
arithmetical mean of the measurements of 3-4 samples.
2
Sample
1
1-
The
measured sample placed in syringe or cavity;
2-
The
measuring device Ù
43102;
Picture
1 – Chart of measurements of contact potential differences
According to the value of pure water electroconductivity the
concentration of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water is calculated. At 250Ñ it equals 
.
The
electroconductivity of pure water is equal to 
[5].
These concentration relations characterize the value of acoustic
conductivity [6]. For instance, for plane acoustic wave between the acoustic
pressure p and acoustic speed 
there is the following relation:
,
(1)
where 
density of liquid medium;
ñ – light speed in it;
frequency of vibrations.
In V.A.Krasilnikov’s works [6] this relation is
compared to Ohm's law formulated for the passage of electrical current through
the conductor. If the voltage 
is applied to the resistance 
, then the current will flow through it 
, i.å.
. (2)
In “acoustic Ohm's law” the role of voltage 
is replaced with acoustic
pressure, the role of the current is replaced with the acoustic speed; and
ohmic resistance equals to the product of density 
by the light speed 
, for water it is ≈ 1,5 *103 absolute units. In electrotechnical
measurements, specific resistance is also measured in conventional units
(Ohm*m), equaled to the resistance of the conductor of unit length with cross
section of unit of area.
The experimental works have been done with regard to the measurement of
conductivity of spring water depending on the kind of contact of dissimilar
materials. The measurements have been done in the conditions of passage of
surface waves, i.e. in the cavity 1 m long, with the depth of water 0,5 cm. As the measuring device, the ampere-voltmeter
Ù43102 has been used. The
measurements have been done according to the chart “Invariable electrode (in
our case 
) – dissimilar metal” 1 cv – 1 v long with the interval of 1 cm.
The table 1 contains the results of measurements of electrical
resistance for a number of metal substances measured at the distance of 1 cm
from the base contact, 25 cm 
and at the distance equal to 
square root of the fusion temperature of the changed electrode. The
results of the measurements prove that at invariable chemical composition of
the measured water layer, the values of electrical resistance differ from each
other by 
times depending on the kind of
contacting material. At that the largest variations of electrical resistance
are observed at the closest distance – in this case 1 cm. For special points
(the distance between them is divisible or equal to the square root of the
fusion temperature) special behavior is also typical depending on the kind of
dissimilar contact.
The measured values of water electrical resistance depending on the
dissimilar pair “antimony-metal” (Ò = 230Ñ) are given in the table 1.
Table 1 – The values of water electrical
resistance for the pair metal-antimony depending on the distance between the
measuring points
|
¹ |
Pair sb-me |
Electrical resistance, kÎhm, |
Electrical resistance, kÎhm,
|
Electrical resistance, kÎhm |
|
|
l = |
kOhm |
||||
|
1 |
Antimony-antimony |
0,5-5 |
12-18 |
- |
14-22 |
|
2 |
Antimony-gold |
0-3 |
16-17 |
|
|
|
3 |
Antimony-silicon |
4-17 |
18-36 |
37-8 |
30-40 |
|
4 |
Antimony-aluminium |
5-12 |
25-30 |
25,6 |
25-30 |
|
5 |
Antimony-nickel |
3-4 |
25-28 |
38,14 |
70 |
|
6 |
Antimony-palladium |
4-8 |
25 |
39,42 |
60 |
|
7 |
Antimony- polyacrylonitrile |
3-2 |
25 |
35,8 |
52 |
|
8 |
Antimony- cobalt |
3-4 |
28 |
38-66 |
80 |
|
9 |
Antimony-manganese |
0,5-5 |
30-35 |
35,3 |
55 |
|
10 |
Antimony-silver |
3-5 |
32 |
30,98 |
45 |
|
11 |
Antimony-bismuth |
3-3,5 |
32 |
16,46 |
22 |
|
12 |
Antimony- zirconium |
5,5 |
32 |
41,8 |
100 |
|
13 |
Antimony-platinum |
4-9 |
30-33 |
42,1 |
90 |
|
14 |
Antimony-lead |
3-4 |
35 |
18,08 |
25 |
|
15 |
Antimony-gallium |
6 |
38 |
5,5 |
10-13 |
|
16 |
Antimony-cadmium |
4-6 |
38 |
17,9 |
28 |
|
17 |
Antimony- beryllium |
8-10 |
40 |
35,8 |
80 |
|
18 |
Antimony-tin |
3-4 |
42-44 |
15,2 |
24 |
|
19 |
Antimony-zinc |
8 |
48 |
20,4 |
39 |
|
20 |
Antimony-titanium |
6-8,5 |
48 |
42,6 |
100 |
|
21 |
Antimony-indium |
4-6 |
49 |
12,48 |
20-25 |
Here is
evident regular relation of value of electroconductivity and the parameter 
, which characterized the level of thermal variations of material –
contact.
So,
there are a number of metals for which the electoconductivity is equal to the
value of square root of the fusion temperature of the variable contact:
·
Aluminium 25,6/25 = 1;
·
Manganese 35,3/35 = 1;
·
Silver 30,98/32 ≈ 1;
·
Beryllium 35,8/40 ≈ 1;
·
Silicon 37,8/36 ≈ 1.
Such
relation but that of the square root of the fusion temperature of antimony is
typical for the following number of metals:
·
Nickel 25,09/25 ≈ 1;
·
Palladium 25,09/25=1;
·
Polyacrylonitrile 25,09/25=1;
·
Cobalt 25,09/25 ≈ 1.
Besides,
there are a number of materials for which these relations are divisible by two,
for 
: antimony, gold, silicon, bismuth, lead, and cadmium. For 
: zirconium, platinum, zinc, titanium, indium.
Gallium and tin differ from all
material with the multiplicity of these relations equal to 7 and 3
correspondently.
The table 2 contains the values of
specific characteristics of electroconductivity translated into the unit of
length.
The
data contained in the table 2 prove that the values of specific resistances,
calculated for the lengths of critical points, by the order of value correspond
to the relation of square roots of the fusion temperature of substances of the
contact pair. The only exclusion from this rule is the behavior of gallium and
to lesser extent of zirconium, platinum, cobalt, bismuth and single-crystalline
silicon.
Table 2 - Specific electroconductivity
of surface water for the pair “antimony-metal”
|
¹ |
Pair “antimony-metal” |
Electoconductivity kOhm∙cm, at
|
Electoconductivity kOhm∙cm, at |
Îòíîøåíèå
|
|
|
Antimony-antimony |
0,48 |
- |
1 |
||
|
2 |
Antimony-aluminium |
1-1,2 |
1,12 |
1 |
|
|
3 |
Antimony-silicon (tech.) |
0,72-1,4 |
0,73-0,92 |
1,5 |
|
|
4 |
Antimony-silicon (single-crystalline) |
0,72-1,2 |
0,78-1,05 |
1,5 |
|
|
5 |
Antimony-gold (583) |
0,4-0,7 |
0,42-0,67 |
0,76 |
|
|
6 |
Antimony-titanium |
1,92 |
2,34 |
1,69 |
|
|
7 |
Antimony-indium |
1,96 |
1,6-2 |
2 |
|
|
8 |
Antimony-tin |
1,68 |
1,57 |
1,66 |
|
|
9 |
Antimony-lead |
1,4 |
1,3 |
1,38 |
|
|
10 |
Antimony-bismuth |
1,28 |
1,33 |
1,52 |
|
|
11 |
Antimony-cadmium |
1,52 |
1,56 |
1,4 |
|
|
12 |
Antimony-silver |
1,28 |
1,45 |
1,23 |
|
|
13 |
Antimony-nickel |
1-1,12 |
1,83 |
1,52 |
|
|
14 |
Antimony-cobalt |
1-1,12 |
2,06 |
1,54 |
|
|
15 |
Antimony-zinc |
1,92 |
1,9 |
1,22 |
|
|
16 |
Antimony-palladium |
1,0 |
1,52 |
1,57 |
|
|
17 |
Antimony-manganese |
1,2-1,4 |
1,55 |
1,4 |
|
|
18 |
Antimony-zircomium |
1,28 |
2,39 |
1,66 |
|
|
19 |
Antimony- beryllium |
1,6 |
2,23 |
1,42 |
|
|
20 |
Antimony-platinum |
1,2-1,3 |
2,13 |
1,67 |
|
|
21 |
Antimony-gallium |
1,52 |
18-2,36 |
4,5 |
|
cm
The
experimental data obtained prove that the electroconductivity at constant
volume and chemical composition is associated with spasmodic changes at certain
size relations between the measuring electrodes.
Besides,
the electrical resistance to much extent depends on the material of the changed
electrode and therefore on the position of critical points.
The list of the used
sources
1.
Shauberger V. The energy of water. M., 2006 . P.320.
2.
Kurskeev A.K. Seismic danger of orogenes of
Kazakhstan. Almaty: Evero: 2006, 294 p.
3.
Buktukov N.S., Metaksa G.P., Moldabaeva G.J. Spasmodic change of properties of solid and
liquid substances. Scientific and technical provision of mining production.
Proceedings, volume 74, 2007, P.49-57
4.
Zarev B.P. Contact potential difference. M., 1968., 110 P.
5.
Reference book of chemist //under the editorship of
Nikolskiy B.P. M-L, 1962. 1070 p.
6.
Krasilnikov V.A. Acoustic and ultrasonic waves in air
and solid bodies // M., 1960, 560 p.