Hydrochemical condition of basins of the small rivers of the West Kazakhstan  (For example Bykovka River basin)

Dzhanaleeva G.M., Ramazanova N.Y.

Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilyov

HYDROCHEMICAL CONDITION OF BASINS OF THE SMALL RIVERS OF THE WEST KAZAKHSTAN (FOR EXAMPLE BYKOVKA RIVER BASIN)

In this article is given the analysis of a hydrochemical condition of a superficial drain of the river Bykovka. Results of the analysis of laboratory tests of water of the river Bykovka on the key sites of a field season in 2011 are presented.

The transboundary river Ural and its inflows are the main waterway of Republic Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation. Now ecological conditions of the Ural river basin and adjoining territory cause considerable anxiety. Increasing rates of technogenic loading lead to pollution of waters and deterioration of qualitative structure of reservoirs

On the territory of the West Kazakhstan area flows 196 rivers from which only 8 have a constant flow. The main waterway is the river Ural which develops of the rivers flowing down with General Syrt (Embulatovka, Bykovka, Rubezhka, Chagan with Derkul), the rivers flowing down with the Poduralsky plateau (Ilek, Utva, Barbastau, Soljanka. Last follows from the lake of Shalkar into which the rivers Small Ankata and Big Ankata run).

Many scientists in Orenburg and West Kazakhstan region were engaged by the problems of pollution of surface runoff Ural basin in different years [1,2,3,4,5,6,7].

The purpose of our study was the pool, one of the typical small steppe rivers of the Ural river - the river Bykovka. The river is 59.66 km, the catchment basin - 276 km 2, width-10-20 m.

The river Bykovka flows down, proceeding on territory of intensive economic use, receives polluting substances from the catchment basin and concerns small waterways in connection with its local value. There are no bayous and lakes in a flood plain of the river. The Water level in the river

in the spring and in the autumn considerably raises at the expense of thawed snow and an atmospheric precipitation. By the end of summer the river dries up forming separate reaches (fig. 1).

Figure 1. Scheme of the Bykovka river basin

The main technological factors polluting the river include: ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, chemical industry, human settlements along the river banks with a low ecological culture of population, household waste water polluting agro genesis factors include: the industry of agricultural production (livestock, agriculture, etc.).

Infringements of water balance is felt practically on all reservoirs of area. Because of building of dams and crosspieces the drain of all small rivers has essentially decreased. More than 2 times in recent years (for the same reasons - the regulation of small rivers in the upper part of the basin) the drain of the Ural river has decreased.

Particularly negative impact on the ecosystem of the river had Bykovka regulation of its flux partitioned structures. In the northern part of settlements Chirov, Balabanovo river covers the dam, which was formed by a fairly large pond. Therefore the river has turned to the cascade of ponds with the broken system of self-cleaning from household and economic drains

Cases of flooding of settlements and agricultural grounds are numerous. The main reasons for which are: the loss of prairie rivers, the functions of natural drainage, the lack of a unified system of regulation of retaining structures, the deterioration of the physical properties of soil on the slopes of river valleys.

River Bykovka shoaled, the total amount of runoff reduced. The river Bykovka, is concentrated in the basic area of agricultural production, because it proceeds from the superficial drain of polluting substances, infringements of a mode of economic activities in water security zones and getting organic and inorganic contaminants and soil flushing by water erosion are in ecologically depression.

As a result, expedition trips in summer 2011 we have conducted water sampling in the Ural River and its tributaries. In the testing laboratory of ecology and biogeochemistry of the West Kazakhstan State University named after M.Utemisov on approved national standards for procedures carried out chemical analysis of samples.

Analysis of water samples from rivers Bykovka characterized by high salinity. The dry residue ranges from 515.2 to 521.6 mg/dm³. The predominant anion HCO₃-(231,8-292,8 mg/dm³) water bicarbonate class.

Total rigidity in the range 4,8-5,8 mmol/dm³, ie rigidity of the water of medium hardness, pH is 7,9-8,7. In small amounts are found, zinc, copper, nickel, cobalt, and lead and cadmium were detected (Table 1.2).

Table 1

Hydrochemical parameters of surface water r.Bykovka (data Laboratory of Ecology and biogeochemistry WKSU named after M.Utemisov based on the author, 2011)

№	Sampling site	рН	Dry matter, mg/dm³	СО₃^2-, mg/dm³	НСО₃^-mg/dm³	Total alkalinity, mmol/dm³	Сl^-, mg/dm³	Total rigidity mmol/dm³	Са²⁺,mg/dm³	Мg²⁺, mg/dm³	SО₄^2-, mg/dm³	Iron, g/dm³
1.	River Bykovka (p. Chirov)	7,9	515,2	-	268,4	4,4	89,2	4,9	80	10,8	67,2	0,32
2.	River Bykovka (p.Spartac)	8,7	519,6	24	231,8	4,6	96,0	4,8	30	21,6	355,2	-
3.	River Bykovka (p.Hamino)	8,0	521,6	-	292,8	4,8	89,2	5,8	82	20,4	86,4	0,04

Table 2

Analysis of water samples for heavy metals, mg / dm³ (data Laboratory of Ecology and biogeochemistry WKSU after M.Utemisov based on the author, 2011)

№	Sampling site	Copper	Lead	Zinc	Nickel	Cadmium	Cobalt
1.	River Bykovka (p. Chirov)	0,005	not	0,02	not	not	not
2.	River Bykovka (p.Spartac)	0,01	not	0,02	0,04	not	not
3.	River Bykovka (p.Hamino)	0,001	not	0,02	0,01	not	not

The soils of the river basin Bykovka significantly contaminated with heavy metals, the content of which often exceeds the maximum permissible concentration and the background level: soil of basin contaminated with nickel (from 8.4 to 25.6 MPC), copper (from 4 to 15 MPC), zinc ( from 0.8 to 1.2 MPC), lead (0.2 to 0.5 MPC), cobalt (from 0.2 to 0.5 MPC) and cadmium (0.1 to 0.66 MPC), (Table 3).

Table 3

Analysis soil samples for heavy metals, mg / kg (data from the laboratory of Ecology and biogeochemistry WKSU named after M.Utemisov based on the author, 2011)

№	Sampling site	Horizon	Copper	Lead	Zinc	Nickel	Cadmium	Cobalt
1.	River Bykovka (p. Chirov)	А	11,87	6,53	17,92	33,55	0,05	1,09
2.		B	6,19	4,80	10,68	32,27	0,01	0,94
3.		C	3,69	2,52	8,78	22,92	0,03	0,52
4.	River Bykovka (p.Spartac)	А	34,42	14,03	27,07	100,02	0,33	2,41
5.	River Bykovka (p.Spartac)	В	20,44	9,10	25,83	68,74	0,08	1,72
6.	River Bykovka (p.Hamino)	А	46,14	16,08	0	102,33	0,27	2,31
7.	River Bykovka (p.Hamino)	В	26,11	11,41	31,07	81,47	0,20	2,37

The widespread plowing of soil to the water's edge, soil erosion, organic and mineral fertilizers, pesticides, snow retention in the fields, the lack of proper reforestation, construction of dams and artificial ponds, diversion of water for irrigation - are the main causes of environmental disasters of small rivers.

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