Tantybaeva B.S., Dautova Z.S.
East-Kazakhstan state
university named after S.Amanzholov
Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan
INDEPENDENT WORK OF THE STUDENTS IN
THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS OF HIGH SCHOOL AS A PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM
Taking place in Kazakhstan socio-economic
changes affected all spheres of social development, including education.
Development of modern education is identified as a strategic priority of the
Republic of Kazakhstan on the way of
entering the number of competitive and dynamically developing states of the
world in the message of President N.Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan,
2006"Strategy of Kazakhstan entering the number of 50 the most competitive
countries of the world. Kazakhstan on the threshold of a new breakthrough in
its development".
The development of the higher education is
undergoing dramatic changes, associated with the process of formation of the
independent state, the transition of the economy to market relations and the
emergence of conditions for integration into the world educational system.
For the formation of an educated person
of the new century it is necessary: to abandon the old technology, to implement
the principles, means and methods of innovative education, including modern
means of training, computer manuals, training manuals of new generation, new
management and training technologies. The task of the intensification of the
educational process, demands search for new ways of its organization, allowing
to achieve awareness, strength, practical suitability of knowledge. In this
direction, undertaken a number of steps are being reformed the content of
education, the development of innovative technologies. One of the important
directions of changes in quality of education is, in our opinion, the
organization of self-study work of students.
Independent work of students (IWS) is one
of the most important components of educational process, during which the
formation of skills, abilities and knowledge and in the future is provided by
the absorption of the student of the techniques of cognitive activity, the
interest to the creative work and, ultimately, the ability to solve technical
and scientific tasks.
One of the tasks of higher professional
education, some for the period up to 2030, is to prepare a "qualified
employee of the appropriate level and profile, competitive on the labor market,
competent, responsible, fluent in his profession and oriented in the related
fields of activity, capable to effectively work on a specialty at the level of
the world standards, ready for continuous professional growth, social and
professional mobility".
The solution of this and other tasks of
vocational education is not possible without increasing the role of independent
work of students on a training material, increase the responsibility of
teachers for the development of skills of independent work, for promoting
professional growth of students, the education of their creative activity and
initiative."
Everyone knows that Kazakhstan along with
other countries of Eurasia signed the Bologna declaration. All countries have
signed the Bologna declaration, are obliged to switch to two-level system of
higher education. The first level of training lasts 3-4 years. Upon its
completion, the graduate gets a bachelor's degree, which provides the
opportunity to work in a certain area. Passage of the programmers of the second
level allows to obtain a master's degree (1-2 years) or doctor’s degree (3-4
years).
The introduction of credit technology of
training in higher educational institutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan
promotes international recognition of national educational program of our
republic, will help the institutions of higher education of our country to
reach the world level. In accordance with the Concepts of development of the
education system of universities of the Republic of Kazakhstan switched to a
three-tier system -bachelor, master and doctoral studies. One of the stages is
the gradual introduction of credit technology of training.
One of the advantages of the credit
system of education is the choice of the educational trajectory, visualization
of rating and the heavy workload of the student. Great attention is paid to the
organization of independent work of students.
The organization of independent work of
students in the university is a complex and multidimensional process, which
includes the formation of motivation, professional position of the future
specialist, and the limited inclusion of independent work in the process of
development of the content of academic disciplines, and the integration of
independent work of students with the experience of use of modern pedagogical
technologies, and the choice of forms of control over the results of
independent work.
The learning process is based on two
components: teaching and doctrine. Teaching, in its turn, is based on the
independent work of the student. A student without outside assistance becomes
necessary information from different sources. Independent work of students of
different authors is interpreted in different ways. Consider some of them.
-
IWS that "this kind of work, which is carried out without the
direct participation of teachers, but according to his instructions in a
specially provided for this time; when the students consciously seek to achieve
the mission objectives, using its efforts..." (B.P.Esipov)
-
IWS it is "a Variety of different types of training, production and
research tasks, performed by the students under the guidance of a teacher ...
with the purpose of mastering of different knowledge, acquisition of skills,
experience of creative activity". (P.I.Pidkasistov)
-
IWS this "specific kind of activity of the teaching, the main purpose
of which is the formation of independence of the student of the subject, and
the formation of the skills, knowledge, and skills is carried out indirectly
through the content and methods of all kinds of studies". (V.A.Kazakov)
There are several classifications of the
IWS on various didactic criteria. According to the sources of knowledge and a
degree of control on the part of the teacher: work with a study background
information, solution of the tasks and exercises, laboratory work. According to
the stages of the educational process: in order to obtain new knowledge on the
basis of acquired knowledge for the control of mastering of knowledge,
abilities and skills. On the degree of independence: reproduction,
cognitive-search, creative, informative and practical. By the nature of the
training of independence: on the pattern with a clear step-by-step
instructions, reconstructive, creative. At the place of holding: teaching,
extracurricular.
The credit system of education managed by
independent work of a student is the primary means of achieving them one or the
other educational levels. The autonomy of the student work includes the ability
to set a concrete goal for the teaching job, to make a plan of work to achieve
the goal, exercise self-control. Management of independent work of students
conducts teacher -consultant.
Its effect on the independent work of a
student by a teacher-consultant carries through certain forms and methods of
control, which, in turn, depends on the purposes and means of control. Among
the means of verification: written and oral interviews. A written survey
includes the performance of written works and tasks. It has its advantages
(greater objectivity of the evaluation, the responsibility of students, the
opportunity to regulate the control, etc.). Oral interview (for a discussion,
conversation, etc.) is used in telephone consultations, in carrying out
short-term classes. It has its own specifics, behind objectivity and spending
time writing control.
The pedagogical problem of independent
work of students in the higher school lies in the fact, that in the process competently organized by
the independent work appeared not amorphous "average" student, and a
unique personality. In order to competently organize the IWS should take into
account the following principles:
- comprehensiveness, i.e. the joint
solution of educational, training and development objectives;
-continuity, i.e. a permanent presence in
the training of the controllable elements of independent academic work:
- systematic, i.e. the ordering of the
many interrelated organizational components, united by the common purpose of
the operation and unity of management.
Technology
of the organization of the IWS consists of the following stages:
1. The
selection of the purposes of independent work in accordance with the state
educational standard and specification within a given discipline.
2. The
selection of the contents of independent work on the basis of the educational
standard of the discipline, as well as sources of self-education. In addition,
it is necessary to take into account the individual-psychological
characteristics of students, especially the educational work and the
specificity of the profession.
3.
Designing tasks for independent work in accordance with the selected
objectives. Tasks will include different types and levels of educational work
of students.
4.
Organization of control includes the selection of the means of control and the
definition of its periodicity.
Well-designed and methodically provided
by the independent work is an indispensable condition for the development of
the cognitive activity of the students, teaching them conscious of the
educational activity. The IWS can be both means and the purpose of training,
because it develops the ability to learn and engage in self-education.
Qualitatively organized by the
independent work of developing such mental operations as analysis, synthesis,
analogy. It is contributes to the
formation of a search engine activities of a person in the selection of
information.
The effectiveness of the IWS is to
determine how the students are provided with qualitative methodological
materials, contributing to the transition process of independent work in the
process of teaching.
LITERATURE
1. Yesipov B.P.
Independent work of students at the lessons/ B. P.Yesipov; State
education-pedagogical publishing house. Moscow. - Education of the Russia. -
M., 1961, 239 p.
2. Pavlyuchenko
A.S. The organization of independent work of the students: virtual seminar
[Electronic resource]. - The Electron. Novosibirsk, 2004. - Mode of access:
http://www.nspu.net/index1.html
3. Demeuov A. The
role and methods of the organization of independent work of a student in modern
conditions. - Almaty, 2004