PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MINIMAL PHYSICAL EXERCISES ON THE HEART OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS DURING EFFECTS OF ORGANOPHOSPORUS INSECTOACARICIDE FOSTRAN

PISAREV A.A.*, KOLBASIN P.N.*, MIZIN V.V.**

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN HYGIENE AND ECOLOGY

CRIMEAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER S.I. GEORGIEVSKY*

SIMFEROPOL CITY DESINFECTION STATION **

One of the urgent problems of environmental pollution are pesticides, especially chlorine-and phosphororganic. Pesticides - chemicals used to control various pests. Organophosphate pesticides esters are: phosphoric acid – dimetildihlorvinilfosfat, thiophosphoric - metaphos, metilnitrofos; dithiophosphoric - karbofos; phosphonic - trichlorfon. The advantage of organophosphorus pesticides is their relatively low chemical and biological stability. Most of them can be expanded in plants, soil, water, within one month, but some insecticides and acaricides systemic action (seyfos, etc.) may persist for years. Some chemicals can act on the pests only by direct contact (contact pesticides). Systemic pesticides can move through the vascular system of plants and in some cases, the vascular system of the animal. In surface waters, pesticides may be dissolved, suspended and sorbed states. Pesticides can enter the body through damaged and through intact skin, and some of them are soluble in fats. There are a number of conducive conditions to the manifestation of toxic effects of pesticides, so they are better absorbed through the skin when it is hyperthermed and sweated, to this contributes to high air temperature of working area, solar radiation, increased physical activity and other factors. Also, pesticides can be ingested through the gastrointestinal tract and the lungs. Numerous literature data indicates a versatile impact of pesticides on the human body: the immune system suppressing, it leads to a decreasing in the body's defenses, there is an acute swelling of the cells of the cerebral cortex of the brain with marked chromatolysis suffer from digestive organs, particularly in the liver arise deep dystrophic, and sometimes necrotic changes, leading to cirrohosis, disturbed cardiovascular activity. Poisoning by the nature of flow can be divided into acute and chronic. The first period hidden, or latent, which lasts from the moment of getting the poison before the first signs of poisoning, the second period precursors to the general non-specific phenomena, the third - the toxic effect, with severe clinical disorders, the fourth - the restoration, the fifth - the following effects or complications. Symptoms of acute poisoning appear suddenly, within it can be easy, medium, heavy. With long-term re-entry into the body of small amounts of venom poisoning develops within a few months or years of chronic poisoning. At the same time picking up clear signs of chronic nonspecific diseases of internal organs, allergic conditions, immune depression. When you receive the body of poisons should distinguish between several forms of their interactions and effects on the body: the combined effect of simultaneous action on the body of two or more compounds and a combined effect - the influence of different nature of environmental factors, such as poison and high temperature. Group of phosphororganic pesticides includes compounds differ significantly in chemical structure. Common to them is the presence of chlorine molecules, which determines the general character of the action on the human and warm-blooded animals, but there may be significant differences in toxicity and in the manifestation of intoxication. Organochlorine compounds have a pronounced cumulative properties, can cause acute and chronic intoxications, affecting various organs and systems, but mainly the nervous system, liver, kidneys, cardiovascular system, blood. Unexplored is the question of the influence of exercise on the nature of pesticide poisoning. Single study on evaluation of maximum allowable concentrations, lethal doses, and others in relation to pesticides are made without taking into account the role of physical activity at the time of impact. At the same time, the available toxicological data constants have some connection with the nature and intensity of physical activity, and the correlative relationship. It is known that physical exercises reduce the adverse environmental effects and direct effects dose of physical activity, built on the principle "of the combined effect of" active rest, extends the compensatory-adaptive possibilities of the body. In the experiment we have used 50 white rats "Wistar" line average weight of 200-250 gr at the age of 5 months. As a highly toxic substance used organophosphorus insectoacaricide fostran. The control group consisted of 15 white rats "Wistar" line. Registration of motor activity in animals was performed by applying a horizontal treadmill modified by us in relation to the experimental conditions. The design of the apparatus based on the principle of "running track". Experimental animals ran for 30 days daily on a treadmill for 10 minutes. In the next 20 minute intervals, total time of experiment daily was 4:00 hours, the net time spent on the treadmill - 80 minutes. There was three speed options: 10m/min.; 20m/min.; 30m/min. That was 800, 1600, 2400 meters per day, respectively, and accordingly the minimum, average and maximum level of physical activity. Control animals not exposed to these functional loads. Introduction of fostran led to disruption of blood circulation, microvascular hyperemia, perivascular edema. Degenerative changes of cardiomyocytes were characterized by outbreaks of contract degeneration and dissociation of muscle fibers due to edema perimysial spaces. Minimal exercises did not change morphological pattern, which did not differ from the previous series, also revealed a moderately pronounced edema stromal elements, contract cardiomyocytes changes also were small focal character. Increased intensity of physical activity exacerbated the hemodynamic abnormalities: erythrocyte aggregation appeared in the veins (sludge syndrome) and arterioles. At this level of physical activity there was a statistically significant (P <0,001) reduction in the total RNA content by 31,7%. Strengthening perivascular edema led to swelling and uncoupling of myofibrils. Maximal exercise was accompanied by the growth of destructive changes in the myocardium: there were pockets of lysis of cardiomyocytes, more extensive than in previous series, hemorrhage, interstitial edema grew with moderate lymphocytic infiltration. In the veins and arterioles there were microvasculature met homogenized mass, reminiscent of hyaline thrombosis. By the end of the period of observation indicated the formation of fine-stapled scars on the type of substitution vicarious sclerosis in the place of the dead muscle fibers. Foci of granular decay were sporadic and small, located deep in the heart's right ventricle. Dystrophic changes were expressed in the thickening of the myofibrils in the overshrinking areas of convergence intercalated disk, the extinction cross, and later longitudinal orientation of muscle fibers. In sections of muscle fibers subjected to lysis, the cytoplasm sometimes took the form of optical cavities, the nuclei in these areas were picnotic, hyperchromic. Sometimes nuclear dust was revealed. In foci of granular decay paths of fibers were not determined, necrotic foci were presented with tissue detritus from the rubble of the nuclei in the form hromofilnyh substances. Contract myocardial injury analysis in cells of the left ventricle (LV) parenchyma, interventricular septum (MP) and right ventricular (RV) with minimal exertion on the background of the seed fortran showed growth centers contract damage in all investigated sections, but the most revealing and statistically significant (P <0,01) in the thickness of LV, where relative to baseline total content of foci of contractions increased by 43,6%. With respect to the control group contract damage were multidirectional and statistically significant by the nature. Joining the average physical activity was characterized by substantial and statistically significant relative to baseline contract damage increasing in all the studied sections, with the greatest severity in the right heart, where their number increased by 121.3%. Respect to the group with a net amount of seed preparation contract damage significantly increased in both LV wall and in the wall of RV with the greatest severity in the right heart, where their total number was increased to 58.03%. At maximum exertion of contract damage was significantly (P <0,001) increased, both in relation to the initial level, and to the control group, but the most significant increase in the number of contractions observed in the wall of the right ventricle with an increase in their number to 158.8% by relative to baseline and 84.4% compared to the control group. Electron microscopic study in the fostran seed been identifying the heterogeneity of contractile myocardium to the presence of dark and light areas in the muscle fibers. Myofibrils were in a state of moderate contraction, their structure has been preserved only in some areas are identified pockets of homogenization miofilaments. Most mitochondrial outer membrane is evident only in some areas. Matrix of mitochondria was increased by its electron density, also there have been observed foci of homogenization and severe crist fragmentation. Against this background, there were mitochondrias, contained a significant amount of unchanged crists. Joining the minimal physical activity did not exert significant changes in the ultrastructural organization of cardiomyocytes. Physical load average led to disorientation of muscle fibers, disruption of their parallel arrangement and increase the distance between them, something where you can see parts of the integrity of myofibrils in the z drive. Mitochondrias appeared swollen, had a rounded shape and enlightened matrix, crists in them, as a rule, were disoriented, and in some mitochondrias observed their breaks, but the outer mitochondrial membrane is almost always retained. The maximum level of physical activity was characterized disintegration of myofibrils in muscle fibers, accompanied by a lossing of sharpness of z drive contours. Individual muscle fibers looked broken. From the mitochondrias there were observed more and more increasing degenerative changes in the form of an abrupt swelling of organelles, which had a light matrix, many mitochondrial crists were destroyed and a large number of mitochondria observed violation of the integrity of the outer membrane. In the quantitative analysis of heart electronograms during fostran priming, as well as different levels of physical activity on the background of the seed fostran, it may be noted that changes in the number of mitochondrias in a single electron diffraction pattern had a tendency to change, the most pronounced at the average and maximum load levels, where their number decreased by 33,6% and 44,8% respectively. When analyzing the number of crists in a mitochondrion marked by a similar pattern of change, the greatest severity of which was observed for the average and minimum load levels, where their quantitative content decreased by 35% and 36.3% respectively. Number of crists in one electronogram substantially and significantly (P <0,01) has been declining for clean fostran seed, accession of exercise increased the number of destroyed crists most pronounced at the highest levels of activity, where their number decreased significantly in relation to a series of clean seed drug at 60.67%. The average area of one mitochondrion undergoes substantial and statistically significant changes, both in relation to the control group in all series of the experiment and progressively at the maximum level, where in relation to the initial level of one area of mitochondria was increased by 100%, relative to the control group by 60% . Changes in the average area of mitochondria in one electronogram clean fostran seed the average and maximum load levels were small and not statistically significant, while, as a minimum load level statistically significant, both in relation to baseline and relative to the control group increase in the average area of mitochondria (P <0,001). The coefficient of energy efficiency of mitochondria (KEEM), which expressed as a percentage ratio of the product of the average total number of crists of mitochondria in the amount of space in one electronogram pathology to the same parameters of the normal heart, when the fostran seed decreased by 39%. Joining the minimal, average and maximum physical exercise led to a progressive decrease (KEEM), which amounted to 69,3%, 49,2%, 43,4%, respectively. Morphological picture of the heart in fostran administration characterized by violation of blood circulation and growing degenerative changes of cardiomyocytes. Electron microscopic study revealed the heterogeneity of the contractile myocardium, the presence of bypass the outer membrane of mitochondrias with areas of homogenisation of the matrix, fragmentation of crists, indicating a partial necrosis of the mitochondria. Contact degeneration was observed in almost all departments, but most pronounced was in the right department, where quantitatively increased by 158.8% compared with baseline. Thus, on the factual material found protective effect of minimal exercise.