Mandykaeva Almagul  Ramasanovna  Doctor  PhD 

Kenan Aidyn

master of psychology of university «Turan-Astana»

Astana,  Kazakhstan

 

THE PHYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNICATION

        Communication is about using symbols and in case of humans, using language, to convey meanings and ideas between individuals and it involves the act of evoking reactions from other individuals. Human communication is marked by intention and anticipation of the reactions and communication in humans can be verbal when mediated by language or non-verbal when no language is invoiced. Communication can also be direct when a certain pattern of behavior evokes a particular type of response or subtle and indirect when behaviors are not predictable or ambiguous and not even completely comprehensible. Thus communication is separated into certain distinct categories such as:               

                1.Direct and Indirect communication

                2.Verbal and non-verbal communication                            

         Any direct communication can be both verbal and just as indirect communication can also be verbal or non verbal. Verbal communication can again be direct or indirect. So let`s say there are four types of communication patterns in humans-verbal and direct, verbal and indirect, non-verbal and direct, non-verbal and indirect. Examples of verbal and direct would be saying things that are straightforward or unambiguous and with no hidden or incomprehensible massager. These are verbal expressions of emotions and ideas as they occur. Like when you are happy and say that you are happy, you are using the verbal direct method of communication to express your feelings. Indirect methods of verbal communication are using subtle expression such as taunts, sarcasm, hints etc. that can have ambiguous meanings and do not represent expressions of emotions or ideas as they occur. This if you are sad and do not say so but imply  indirectly, then you are using indirect methods to convey your state of mind. Non verbal communication is about using cues, facial or bodily expressions, body language, eye or hand movements etc., to express ideas. This can be quite direct like say, hitting a person is rather non verbal but direct as it expresses anger just as crying represents sorrow. However non verbal communication can be indirect such as turning away your eyes from a person you feel uncomfortable with or maintaining prolonged eye contact with a person to convey a message /1/.

         Communication is the basis of human and non-human interaction and we can all communicate with a touch or a sound, a look or a symbol, a word or a sentence and also by doing or saying nothing at all. The body is an important interface in communication and I`ve discussed this in the psychology of body in which body language is shown to play an important role in communication. We communicate with our mates through intimate body language and sexual interaction is a very important communication tool in humans and also in animals. The psychology of communication will include the different elements or stages of communication in an individual such as:

             1.Absorption of external information through listening or reading etc,

             2.Interpretation of the stimuli received, and

             3.Reaction to the information obtained through behavior

             The three stages of the communication process in absorption or taking in information, the interpretation or deriving meaning of the information and reaction or responding to the information are facilitated by the following elements:

             1. Absorption or taking in information-is through sense organs and we simply absurd the sounds and colors, the spoken words and all external data provided to us. Absorption is an objective process.

              2.Interpretation or analysis of information –involves using brain mechanisms and analyzing external stimuli as well as details such as expressions and subtle verbal and non verbal cues, so interpretation is subjective process

             3. Reaction  or response to the stimuli-uses physical communication routes such as speech, language or expressions through facial and bodily movements.    Reactions are the result of a subjective and an objective process. This is because when presented with certain stimuli we all have a set of predictable responses which are objective but depending on how we interpret the situation subjectively, the reactions might vary to an extent. Reactions can be imitative- you smile when you see someone smiling or it can be just the opposite as when someone tries to look at you and you try to look away.

        This reaction or response evoked in an individual can become a stimulus ,for another chain of responses or the stimulus can be a completely separate event or situation. Behaviorists will usually consider communication as a stimulus-response pattern with individuals perceiving the stimuli and reacting to them in the form of communication. Freudian psychoanalysis suggest that communication is directly related  to how we subjectively perceive the external information based on our own experiences. So interpretation of external stimuli or the mediation of the individual mind is the most important aspect of communication according to psychoanalysis, although behaviorists will completely eliminate the importance of the interpretation part considering communication as nothing but a series of mechanical stimulus-response pattern. Thus according to behavioral psychology, we perceive an object and react to it via communication almost like a computer program. It sounds strange that the importance of mind and consciousness in communication has only been recently acknowledged in scientific psychology/2/.

         The methods of communication are also equally interesting as humans communicate through the written word and the spoken word and through letters, messages, phone calls, personal face to face conversation, through glances and physical contact, through sex, and on a wider scale through seminars, conferences, news events, newspapers, press releases, books, brochures, and campaigning or propaganda. The newer methods of communication using information technology are via chats and chartrooms, internet and emails, text messages, forums, blogging and networking. Technology has opened up new avenues of communication and the world  is now completely depended on n how far and how quickly people are able to communicate.

          Communication is central to our modern life, yet it is a difficult and complicated process and a gap remains between the ideas communicated and the ideas perceived. This communication gap as it is generally called is closed only with proper consideration of all verbal, non verbal, indirect and direct elements of the communication process. So in a personal or business meeting the communication process involves not just presentation of the ideas of people verbally but also the non verbal facial and bodily expressions /3/.

          The purpose of communication is  almost always motivated or intentional as we naturally expert a response from people we communicate with. In fact all communication is based on anticipation of response from others thus communication tend to have a direction or purpose. However the communication gap can create problems in the process and the purpose of communication may remain unfulfilled when communicated ideas are too vague or indirect. The vagueness increases when channels of communication between two or more individuals are remote or distal rather than proximal.

       Language is the expression of human communication through which knowledge,  beliefs  and  behavior  can  be  experienced,  explained  and  shared.  A  language  disorder  is  the  impairment  or  deviant  development  of  expression  and  or,  comprehension  of  words  in  contexts.  The  disorder  may  involve  the  form  of  language,  the  content  of  language  and,  or,  the  function  of  language  as  a  communication  tool.  It  is  estimated  that  between  6  and  8  million  individuals  in  the  United  States  have  some  form  of  language  impairment.  Disordered  of  language  affect  children  and  adults  differently.  For  children  who  do  not  use  language  normally  from  birth,  or  who  acquire  the  impairment  in  childhood,  the  disorder  occurs  in  the  context  of  a  language  system  that  is  not  fully  developed  or  acquired.  Many  adults  aqua ire  disorders  of  language  because  of  stroke,  head  injury,  dementia  or  brain  tumors.  Language  disorders  are  also  found  in  adults  who  failed  to  develop  normal  language  because  of  childhood  autism,  hearing  impairment  or  other  congenital  or  acquired  disorders  of  brain  development/4/.

       About  Auditory  Processing  (Hearing).  Auditory  processing  is  the  term  used  to  describe  what  happens  in  your  brain  when  it  recognizes  and  interprets  the  sounds  around  you.  Humans  hear  energy,  which  we  recognize  as  sound  when  it  travels  through  the  ear  and  is  changed  into  electrical  impulses  that  can  be  interpreted  by  the  brain.  The  “disorder”  part  of  auditory  processing  disorder  (APD)  means  that  something  is  adversely  affecting  the  processing  or  interpretation  of  information.

 

Literature

1.                     Reflections  in  Psychology. Saberio  Roy. Part  I. (2009)/

2.                     The  Psychology  of  Communication. Jon  Eielson, J. Jeffery Auer, John V. Irwin. New York. 1963.

3.                     Cherry C. On Human communication. New York: Wiley, 1957.

4.                     Black  J.  W.,  &  Moore  W.  E. Speech: code, meaning,  and communication. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955.

Resume

       In  this  article  is  considers  the  psychology  of  communication.  There are communicating’s functions, rules and please in modern life.

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